感染和疫苗的平衡—炎症性肠病患者疫苗的选择

2022-10-16 21:42孙静瑶
胃肠病学和肝病学杂志 2022年4期
关键词:免疫抑制活疫苗队列

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种慢性肠道炎性疾病,由于易于合并多种感染,严重影响IBD患者预后。近几年来多项声明和共识提出IBD患者疫苗接种的重要性,特别是在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)流行期间,强调了IBD患者尽早接种新型冠状病毒疫苗非常必要。这些均提示了疫苗是IBD患者预防某些感染的重要手段。然而IBD患者的疫苗接种率并不理想,一项美国的调查纳入了958例IBD患者,其中仅47.7%接种了乙型肝炎病毒疫苗,肺炎球菌疫苗与甲型肝炎病毒疫苗接种率也仅有42.6%和34.1%

,原因通常包括担心疫苗安全性、担心疫苗导致疾病活动、医师和患者对疫苗接种的知晓程度低等

。IBD患者预防感染和疫苗接种之间在实践中如何选择值得临床思考,本文结合目前已有文献,从IBD患者感染和疫苗平衡的关系角度,获益和风险视角进行综合分析,以期望为消化专业医师及IBD患者共决策时提供参考。

1 IBD患者合并感染风险

IBD患者自身肠道黏膜损伤,免疫反应异常、肠道微生物多样性降低,同时中-重度患者通常应用糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂或生物制剂等药物,可能导致IBD患者更易合并感染

。一项法国的队列研究纳入了190 694例IBD患者,其中8 561例发生严重感染,674例发生机会性感染,在严重感染患者中,337例(3.9%)患者在感染后3个月内死亡

。此外,研究发现,皮质类固醇、硫唑嘌呤和英夫利昔单抗的应用均与机会性感染发生率上升相关,且联合使用与年龄较大的患者感染风险更大

,另一项针对应用肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)抑制剂(包括英夫利昔单抗与阿达木单抗)的研究同样发现,年龄是严重感染的危险因素

。此外,IBD患者可能合并营养不良或其他慢性疾病合并症,增加了其发生感染的风险

。因此,对于IBD患者,感染的预防和控制是医师和患者亟需关注的话题,2021年欧洲克罗恩病和结肠炎组织(European Crohn′s and Colitis Organization,ECCO)针对此话题展开讨论,提出IBD合并病毒、真菌、细菌、寄生虫等预防、诊断和治疗策略

。该指南也着重提出某些感染如带状疱疹病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、流感病毒、肺炎球菌肺炎、甲型肝炎病毒等

可通过疫苗进行预防,如建议所有IBD患者诊断时即完善乙型肝炎病毒筛查,接种乙型肝炎病毒疫苗并监测抗HBs抗体达到10 IU/L以产生保护效力;流感疫苗则推荐每年接种,但免疫抑制患者需避免选择活疫苗;肺炎球菌疫苗同样推荐全体IBD患者接种;对于带状疱疹病毒,IBD患者首选重组疫苗

。完善的预防免疫可以降低IBD患者感染的发病率、住院率及死亡率。

2 IBD患者接种疫苗对感染的预防能力

疫苗分为活疫苗与灭活疫苗,活疫苗含有减毒或弱化的病原体,其引发的免疫反应与自然感染较为相似,具有剂量小、保护能力强的优点,但由于其可能导致感染的风险,在免疫抑制患者中禁止接种

。灭活疫苗包括灭活病毒疫苗、复制失活载体疫苗、蛋白疫苗、核酸疫苗等,含有病原体的类毒素或其他抗原成分,通常需要多次注射以提供足够的保护,目前认为灭活疫苗在免疫抑制个体中是安全的,但用于治疗IBD的免疫抑制剂药物可能会影响某些疫苗的免疫原性

,因此患者可能质疑接种疫苗是否能使他们获益。

研究发现,IBD患者带状疱疹病毒感染的风险是健康人群的2倍,且免疫抑制药物可能导致带状疱疹感染风险升高

。目前有两种疫苗用于预防带状疱疹病毒感染,分别为带状疱疹减毒活疫苗(zoster vaccine live, ZVL)和重组带状疱疹疫苗(recombinant zoster vaccine,RZV),但减毒活疫苗不可用于正在应用抗TNF药物的患者中,而接受免疫抑制剂或生物制剂治疗的患者均可接种重组带状疱疹病毒疫苗

。一项美国的回顾性队列研究中发现,接种2剂重组带状疱疹病毒疫苗后,IBD患者和健康人群中发生带状疱疹病毒感染的概率均显著降低,虽然IBD患者中感染风险仍高于普通健康人群,但证实了该疫苗的保护效力

罗恬拿着信纸,指尖不住地颤抖。她不知道自己费尽周折,担惊受怕换来的竟是这样的结局。可她分明看见杜朗站在楼梯下的阴影里,对她轻轻地挥手……

我国乙型肝炎患病率较高

,携带乙型肝炎病毒的IBD患者应用免疫抑制剂及生物制剂时,存在乙型肝炎病毒感染再激活的风险,可能导致爆发性肝衰竭,甚至危及生命

。因此建议所有患有IBD的成人在疾病诊断后,就应当进行乙型肝炎病毒指标筛查及疫苗接种

。但一项Meta分析数据显示,IBD患者中乙型肝炎病毒疫苗应答率仅为61%,低于正常健康人群

。另外,研究发现抗TNF药物可能影响疫苗应答率

,而肠道选择性的生物制剂维得利珠单抗对乙型肝炎病毒疫苗应答影响较小

The overall and disease specific survival rates were measured as long-term outcomes.

已有观察性及前瞻性队列研究探究多种疫苗在IBD中的安全性及耐受性。研究显示,IBD患者接种H1N1流感疫苗后的反应与一般人群的预期反应相似,常见的不良反应包括注射部位局部的红肿热痛及乏力等全身症状,其发生率与免疫调节治疗和生物制剂的应用无关

。IBD患者对13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗及23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗、重组带状疱疹病毒疫苗耐受性良好,仅有轻微和短暂的不良反应,且发生率与先前报道的健康成人差异无统计学意义

,接种乙型肝炎病毒疫苗后也未发现严重不良反应

。根据目前的观察性队列研究及随机对照试验,大多研究结果较为一致,即IBD患者接种疫苗后可能出现轻微的局部或全身不良反应,但与一般健康人群无显著差异,因此可以说,这些疫苗对IBD患者是安全的

与非IBD患者相比,IBD患者患流感的风险更高,而且更有可能需要住院治疗,糖皮质激素的应用也与流感风险升高相关

。因此建议所有IBD患者应每年接种流感病毒疫苗,但处于免疫抑制状态的患者应当避免接种减毒活疫苗

。多项队列研究证实,IBD患者接种流感病毒疫苗可获得较高的血清保护率,但不同的治疗方案可能会影响疫苗的应答情况,如抗TNF药物单独或联合应用免疫抑制剂均可能导致流感病毒疫苗的免疫应答下降

,针对这种情况,接种高剂量的疫苗免疫可能会获得更高的抗体水平

综上所述,目前的研究证据表明接种疫苗可使IBD患者受到相应保护,但抗TNF药物等免疫抑制治疗的应用可能使得患者对疫苗的免疫应答下降。除了以上几种IBD患者中常见的机会性感染外,近两年新型冠状病毒疫苗研究也提示IBD患者可以通过接种疫苗获得保护

,这些均提醒我们,认识哪些感染可通过疫苗接种获得预防在IBD患者诊断时告知患者非常必要。

3 IBD患者接种疫苗风险

IBD患者肺炎球菌感染风险均高于非IBD人群

,且肺炎是老年IBD患者中最常见的感染

,有必要通过接种疫苗来进行预防。一项纳入300余例IBD患者的研究中发现了对13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗的高应答,虽然在抗TNF药物治疗的患者中反应降低,但仍具有免疫原性,血清保护率从44.5%增加到86.6%,证明了该疫苗的保护效力

。另有多个IBD队列中同样发现,免疫抑制治疗与抗TNF药物的应用与13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗及23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗免疫应答降低相关

顾虑疫苗导致疾病活动也是IBD患者疫苗接种率低的重要原因。研究

显示,IBD患者接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗4周后,96.7%的克罗恩病患者和95.6%的溃疡性结肠炎患者未发生疾病活动,仅有3.9%的患者在接种疫苗1周后便次增多,但其中大部分可自行缓解,另一接受英夫利昔单抗治疗的IBD队列中仅6%的受试者临床活动度评分升高

。食欲下降、腹泻和呕吐是接种13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗后常见的不良反应,一项队列研究中,13%的IBD患者接种疫苗后出现腹泻症状,虽然难以将其与疾病活动相区分,但接种疫苗后腹泻的发生率与健康成人中相似

。一项评估重组带状疱疹疫苗安全性的随机对照试验中,包括了部分银屑病、类风湿关节炎等自身免疫疾病患者,在这些患者中,疫苗接种组与安慰剂组均有27例(2.8%)患者发生了原发病的加重

。另一队列研究中,67例IBD患者接种重组带状疱疹疫苗后,随访中仅1例患者疾病活动

。虽然在一项随机对照试验中,72例接种乙型肝炎病毒疫苗的IBD患者中,3例患者在研究期间因原发病加重而住院治疗,但时间上与疫苗接种相隔2~3个月,研究人员认为不应将其归因于疫苗接种

。目前尚无足够证据证明疫苗接种导致IBD患者疾病活动,而对于疫苗可预防疾病的充分免疫对IBD患者来说至关重要,可以有效保护和降低这些感染的发病率和死亡率

,患者应当在专业医师的指导下进行预防免疫,并密切随诊。

4)用步骤2)中得到的局内点集合重新估计模型,因为随着后续局内点的加入,步骤1)中的估计模型已经不是最优模型;

4 感染与疫苗的平衡

对于IBD患者这个特殊人群,我们在平衡感染和疫苗应用时,存在几个问题需要理清:(1)哪些感染可以通过疫苗接种预防,而接种的时机和注意事项是什么;(2)患者接种疫苗后,是否会促进疾病活动;(3)疫苗是否会给患者带来相应的不良反应;(4)接受免疫抑制药物治疗的IBD患者是否会发生疫苗接种效能降低、不良反应增加的现象;(5)医师和患者对疫苗接种的知晓率。通过本文分析,我们可知,目前可获得的疫苗均是相对安全且耐受性良好;尚无明确证据表明接种疫苗会导致原发疾病活动。大多研究证明疫苗接种能为IBD患者提供一定的保护,但这些接受免疫抑制治疗的IBD患者对疫苗的应答率较健康人群及未应用免疫抑制治疗的患者低。根据目前的证据,综合考虑受益与风险,对于这些疫苗可预防的疾病,多个国家及地区的指南对疫苗接种持积极态度

,但疫苗知晓率并不尽人意。对于近两年席卷全球的COVID-19疫情,有问卷调查显示,IBD患者与消化专业医师对新型冠状病毒疫苗的认知情况均不理想,导致患者对接种疫苗较为犹豫

。但我们也应该特别关注一些特殊的IBD群体的疫苗接种时机,曾有个案报道中,患者在孕期应用英夫利昔单抗控制克罗恩病,其产下的健康男婴在3月龄时接种卡介苗后因播散性分枝杆菌感染死亡

,虽然目前患有IBD的母亲孕期接受免疫抑制治疗对新生儿接种疫苗的安全性及有效性的影响相关研究较少,但我们需要从中吸取经验教训,提高警惕,避免这种悲剧的发生。作为消化专业医师,在临床工作中面对IBD患者,我们需要帮助患者在预防感染和疫苗平衡中提供有益的建议,并在接种疫苗种类及时机上为其提供专业指导。

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