创新复习备考思路 优化语法填空备考

北京 昝亚娟（特级教师）

众所周知，在新高考英语试卷中，语法填空题承载着考查考生必备知识和语言能力的双重任务。虽然一些考生花很多时间做语法填空题，但在考试中他们在该题上仍失分较多。笔者认为，出现这种情况的主要原因有两个：一是任课教师对高考命题规律缺乏研究，不能为学生提供有效的指导；二是教师没有对学生进行系统的、有针对性的训练。那么，教师应该如何帮助学生有效地进行语法填空题的备考呢？笔者提出以下几点备考建议，供一线教师参考。

一、深入研究高考命题规律，精准把握备考方向

根据《中国高考评价体系》，高考的核心功能是“立德树人、服务选才、引导教学”，被称为“一核”。高考的考查内容包括“核心价值、学科素养、关键能力、必备知识”四个层面，被称为“四层”。同时，高考命题应体现“基础性、综合性、应用性、创新性”，被称为“四翼”。作为任课教师，我们不仅是学生学习知识的引路人，也是学生锤炼品格的引路人。因此教师应深入研究近几年的语法填空试题的命题特点，深刻领悟高考英语命题的规律和趋势，这样才能帮助学生更高效地复习备考语法填空题。

2019—2022 年浙江卷语法填空题考点分析

2019—2021 年全国卷语法填空题考点分析

通过上表可知，语法填空题旨在考查考生在语篇中运用语言知识的能力。语法填空题无论是考查英语词汇，还是基础语法，都离不开具体的语境。语法填空题的高频考点为谓语动词（1～3）、非谓语动词（1～3）、名词（1～2）、形容词（1～3）、副词（1～2）、代词（1）、复合句/连词（1～2）、冠词（1）和介词（1～2），而数词的考查频率较低。

语法填空试题重点考查的英语必备知识包括：词汇知识和语法知识。词汇知识包括词类、词性、词性转换和构词法知识。值得注意的是，英语中的实词：动词（动词的各种变化形式）、名词、形容词、副词和代词一直是高频考点。

词汇知识的考查主要涉及词形变化和词性转换，主要包括：1.名词的变形：名词的单数变复数、名词变形容词、名词的普通格变所有格；2.动词的变形：动词变名词、动词变形容词；3.形容词的变形：形容词变名词、形容词的原级变比较级、形容词的原级变最高级、形容词变副词；4.副词的变化：副词变形容词、副词的原级变比较级、副词的原级变最高级。5.代词的变化：人称代词变物主代词、人称代词的主格变为宾格、人称代词变反身代词；6.数词的变化主要是基数词变为序数词等。

语法知识包括：1.常用的十种时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时；2.被动语态；3.非谓语动词（动名词、现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式）；4.句子成分：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语；5.简单句的七种基本句型：①主语+谓语（不及物动词）；②主语+谓语（不及物动词）+状语；③主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；④主语 +谓语（及物动词）+宾语+状语；⑤主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语（双宾语）；⑥主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+补足语（复合宾语）；⑦主语+系动词+表语；6.并列复合句；7.主从复合句：状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句。

二、创新复习备考思路，优化语法填空备考

由于语法填空题重视在具体的语境中考查基础词汇和语法知识，因此教师不能一味地要求学生死记硬背考纲中的3 500 个单词或课标词汇表中的词以及语法规则，而是要创新复习备考思路，优化复习备考方法，致力于引导学生在具体的语境中使用基础词汇和语法知识，这样才能发展其综合语言运用能力。具体做法如下：

（一）重视语言运用及词汇的复习

通过研究近几年的高考英语语法填空试题，教师能够发现，需要变形的实词都是生活中的常用词汇，因此教师要让学生把复习备考的重点放在基础词汇和常用词汇在语篇中的应用上，让学生围绕话题进行词汇训练，为话题写作做好词汇积累。

1.围绕话题进行词汇训练

（1）用所给单词的适当形式填空：

①Online learning has become an important way to learn in _______ (recently) years.

②Online learning has become increasingly popular because it has some distinct _______ (disadvantages).

③Compared to classroom learning,online learning is more _______ (convenience) and interesting.

④We can learn our lesson at home,which can save our time and _______ (energetic).

⑤Different types of learning _______ (resource),such as pictures,sound and videos can be used for online learning.

⑥However,the learning atmosphere is not as _______(actively) as it when we learn in a classroom.

⑦Some students are less _______ (motivate) when they study alone at home.

⑧Here are some _______ (tip) on how to become smart online learners.

⑨We should develop a good habit of _______ (focus) on what we are learning.

⑩_______ (addition),we’d better limit the online time to protect our eyesight.

Keys:①recent ②advantages ③convenient ④energy⑤resources ⑥active ⑦motivated ⑧tips ⑨focusing⑩Additionally

以上的十个句子都围绕“网络学习的利弊以及如何改进网络学习”这个话题，帮助学生在进行词汇训练的同时，熟悉陈述网络学习利弊的好词好句，以促进其写作能力的提高。

2.选用传递正能量的句子，提升考生的人文素养

①Make the _______ (choose) to be happy.The biggest part of being happy is to simply make up your mind to be a happy person.

②When you feel like giving up,remember why you held on so long in the _______ (one) place.

③No one can take away what’s _______ (true) yours,so if they took it away,it wasn’t yours.

④The best makeup is smile.The best jewelry is modesty.The best clothing is _______ (confident).

⑤The _______ (short) way to do many things is to do only one thing at a time.

⑥Dream is what makes you happy,even when you are just _______ (try).

⑦ _______ (wise) in the mind is better than money in the hand.

⑧All things are _______ (difficulty) before they are easy.

⑨Nothing is impossible for a _______ (will) heart.

⑩ _______ (fail) is the mother of success.

Keys:①choice ②first ③truly ④confidence ⑤shortest⑥trying ⑦Wisdom ⑧difficult ⑨willing ⑩Failure

以上的这些句子都传递了正能量，能够激励考生树立正确的人生观和价值观，使他们在复习备考的过程中，学会正确地看待生活，培养积极的心态，提升自身的人文素养。

3.选用与时俱进的素材，体现时代特色

教学素材的选取对学习效果的产生有着至关重要的影响。教师应经常浏览外国的网站，选取积极向上的、有育人价值的教学素材来对学生进行训练。

18-year-old Eileen Gu has won gold in the 2022 Beijing Olympics big air event,becoming the ①_______ (young) freestyle skiing gold medalist in Olympics history.

Representing China in the event,Eileen was in the②_______ (three) place with just one jump to go as the hometown crowd ③_________ (anxious) waited for her next move.“I was only 0.25 points behind Mathilde and I was thinking,should I improve on my ④ _______ (previously) move and go for the sliver,or should I try this random trick which I’d never done before and go for gold?” she said.

Eileen ⑤ _______ (success) landed a Left Double 1620 with a safety grab on her final run,securing her the winning score she needed.“I’ve never done it before,but I felt pretty⑥ _______ (confidence) going into it.I’ve played the piano for nine years,so I have a very good sense of rhythm,” Eileen said in her post-event press conference.“I think of all my⑦________ (trick) as a rhythm and music.”

“I was visualizing that.More than anything I felt it was an opportunity to represent ⑧________ (me) and break my own boundaries.It’s something that I wanted to show the world,” said Eileen.After the results was announced,Eileen gave credit to her fellow ⑨________ (compete) saying,“I landed because of them.We all have the same goal to push the sport and do our ⑩________ (person) best on that day.”

Keys:①youngest ②third ③anxiously ④previous⑤ successfully ⑥confident ⑦ tricks ⑧myself ⑨competitors⑩personal

选用在北京冬奥会上为中国队勇夺冠军的滑雪运动员——谷爱凌的比赛经历的素材，既能激发学生的学习兴趣，又能激发他们的民族自豪感。

（二）重视基础语法的复习

1.引导考生分析经典高考试题，注重培养考生的语言能力

考生过度依赖死记硬背语法规则或刷题来提高考试成绩的做法是行不通的。教师应在研究高考试题的基础上，引导学生分析经典高考英语试题，让其总结语法规则，内化所学知识，发展语言能力。例如：

①On a website called No Fly Climate Sci,for example,60 (rough) 200 academics — many of them climate scientists...[2022 年1 月浙江卷]

②The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb.It will 58 (undoubted) help you get refreshed! [2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷]

③But 30 years later,the BMI difference between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed 63 (sharp).[2021 年1 月浙江卷]

④Don’t go to a school 63 (specific) for a high school relationship.[2021 年1 月八省（市）联考卷]

⑤“When we walked into that room,she was ________(obvious) shocked,”the photographer said.[2020 年山东省模拟卷]

2020 年和2021 年新高考卷语法填空题考点分析

⑥Landing on the moon’s far side is 62 (extreme)challenging.[2020 年全国Ⅰ卷]

⑦ 66 (certain) during the holiday period,this plant is a must.[2020 年全国Ⅱ卷]

⑧As the small boat moved 68 (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.[2020 年全国Ⅲ卷]

Keys:①roughly ②undoubtedly ③sharply ④specifically⑤obviously ⑥extremely ⑦Certainly ⑧gently

教师要引导考生总结形容词变副词的规律：空格在句首或在动词、形容词、副词之前或宾语之后，应把形容词变为副词，修饰句子、形容词、副词或动词。教师让学生自己总结语法规律，能使他们将形容词变副词的规律记得更牢。

2.选用经典的古诗词翻译作为例句，渗透中国传统文化

英语语法规则是枯燥的、乏味的。借助中国古诗词的英语翻译进行复习，能丰富英语学习的内涵。教学内容的趣味性增强了，考生的学习兴趣提高了，考生就更容易取得理想的学习效果。同时，考生也能拓展视野，有利于培养他们健全的人格。

①Looking up,I find the moon bright;Bowing,in homesickness I’m _______ (drown).

②After one night of wind and showers,how many are the _______ (fall) flowers?

③You can enjoy a grander sight by _______ (climb)to a greater height.

④Don’t laugh if we lay _______ (drink) on the battleground!

⑤I stop my cab at maple woods to gaze my fill;Frostbitten leaves look _______ (red) than early spring flowers.

⑥The moon _______ (set),crows cawing,frost overfilling the skies;The maples riverside,lamps aboard,sad the fishermen’s eyes.

⑦ _______ (leave) at dawn the White King crowned with rainbow cloud,I have sailed a thousand miles through Three Georges in a day.

⑧This spring morning in bed I’m _______ (lie),not to awake till birds are crying.

⑨Grieved over the years,flowers are moved to tears;Seeing us part,birds cry with _______ (break) heart.

⑩To see my friend go far away,my _______ (sad) grows like grass overgrown.

Keys:①drowned ②fallen ③climbing ④drunken⑤redder ⑥setting ⑦Leaving ⑧lying ⑨broken ⑩sorrow

3.把语法填空的备考与英语写作相结合

在平时的训练中，教师要尽量为学生提供各种话题的语篇，不断拓展考生的语言积累。教师可以把学生写过的英语作文或往年的高考应用文写作的范文改编为语法填空题，以提高学生的写作能力。例如：

On the morning of last Sunday,my classmates and I①_______ (participate) in an orange-picking activity② _______ a local farm.

Well known for its organic farming,the farm is located at the foot of a hill 20 kilometers from our city.It is home to a ③_______ (vary) of fruit trees,whose branches were laden with lovely fruits.We got there at 8:30 am and began to work as soon as we arrived.We ④ _______ (wear) gloves and carried baskets with us.Some put ladders against the trees to pick golden oranges ⑤ _______ others were busy ⑥ _______(deliver) oranges and packing them into boxes.⑦ _______(bath) in the warm sunshine,we were talking and laughing while working.At the break time,the farmer invited us⑧ _______ (taste) the lovely oranges we picked.They were the best fruits ⑨ _______ we had ever eaten.At 11:30 pm we stopped working and headed back home.

Though tired,we felt ⑩ _______ (please).Not only did it provide us with a precious opportunity to get close to nature and learn how to harvest fruits,we also realized the value of labor.

Keys:①participated ②on ③variety ④wore ⑤while/and ⑥delivering ⑦Bathed ⑧to taste ⑨that ⑩pleased

4.选用励志素材，激发学生学习动机

China came from two goals down to defeat South Korea,3-2,on Sunday and win the Women’s Asian Cup for a record①_______ (nine) time.

Just five days after the men’s team was eliminated（淘汰）from qualifying for the 2022 World Cup,a last-minute goal from Xiao Yuyi completed a ② _______ (drama) comeback for China in Navi Mumbai,India.

“At half-time I told the players not to give up as anything can happen in 45 minutes,”said China coach Shui Qingxia,③_______ won the title five times as a player.“We are④ _______ (delight) to win the title and we are going in the right direction in tactical,technical and psychological terms.”

South Korea had looked set for its first continental title after ⑤ _______ (score) twice in the first half.Choe Yu-ri found the target in the 27th minute and just before the break,Chelsea’s Ji So-yun scored from a penalty ⑥ _______ (give) after a handball by Yao Lingwei.

Midway through the second half,China ⑦ _______ (award)a penalty of its own after Lee Young-ju handled in the area.Tang Jiali scored ⑧ _______ (reduce) the deficit（差距）and just four minutes later she crossed for Zhang Jinyan to kick another goal.

In the ⑨ _______ (finally) moments,South Korea missed a great opportunity to restore ⑩ _______ (it) lead and secure its first title before Wang Shanshan,named as the tournament’s MVP,set up Xiao to score the dramatic winning goal.

Keys:①ninth ②dramatic ③who ④delighted⑤scoring ⑥given ⑦was awarded ⑧to reduce ⑨final⑩its

选用中国女足在亚洲杯决赛中，奋力拼搏，最后击败韩国队勇夺冠军的故事，激发学生强烈的进取精神，培养他们不屈不挠的品质，做到教书与育人的高度统一，实现“立德树人”的教学目的。

根据布鲁姆教育目标分类（Bloom’s Taxonomy），在学习过程中，“识记（knowledge）、理解（comprehension）、应用（application）、分析（analysis）、综合（synthesis）、评价（evaluation）” 六个层次是递进的。“识记”和“理解”是学习过程中最低层次的认知水平。教师要求考生死记硬背单词和语法规则并不能帮助他们形成语言能力，只有引导考生在理解的基础上，在语篇中应用所学的词汇和知识，才能使他们具备自主分析和综合运用语言的能力。

总之，随着新高考的逐步推进，考生的关键能力受到前所未有的高度重视，培养考生的语言能力是英语教学的重中之重。只有创新复习备考思路，才能优化语法填空备考。教师应重视情景，加强对考生基础词汇和语法的系统训练，把语法填空与英语写作相结合，才能提升学生复习备考的效果，帮助他们取得理想的成绩。