徐桂发, 刘平伟, 李伯耿, 王文俊
梳型聚合物流变研究进展
徐桂发1,2, 刘平伟1,2, 李伯耿1, 王文俊1,2
(1. 化学工程联合国家重点实验室(浙江大学), 浙江大学 化学工程与生物工程学院浙江 杭州 310027;2. 浙江大学衢州研究院, 浙江 衢州 324000)
梳型聚合物;流变;链结构;零切黏度;平台模量;傅里叶变换流变
梳型聚合物是一类由线性侧链接枝到线性主链上形成的支化聚合物[1-3],在介电弹性体、药物载体、弹性体增韧材料、润滑剂、刺激响应材料、聚合物纺丝和发泡材料等领域有着广泛的应用[4-6],受到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注[7]。与线性聚合物相比,梳型聚合物因独特的链结构产生的特殊缠结行为,具有更优异的力学性能,如更低的平台模量[8-9]、更高的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度[5]等;其熔体也具有特殊的流动和形变特征,如更显著的剪切稀化现象和更高的应变硬化指数[10-12]等,使其具备更优异的加工和发泡性能。因此,探明梳型聚合物流变性能与其链结构之间的构效关系,对其设计、加工和应用具有重要的指导意义。
随着“活性”/可控自由基聚合(CRP)[13-24]、活性配位聚合[2, 25]、开环易位聚合(ROMP)[19, 26-30]等可控聚合技术的发展,可实现不同链结构参数(如主、侧链长度、支链数等)的梳型聚合物的制备[4, 7, 31-33],例如,作者所在课题组合成的梳型丙烯酸酯压敏胶[34-35]、梳型聚烯烃热塑性弹性体 (CPOE)[25]、超支化聚乙烯[36-37]等。以这些聚合物为模型体系,为系统地揭示梳型聚合物流变性能与其链结构之间的构效关系提供了基础[38]。
综述通过梳型聚合物的流变特性,揭示主、侧链长度和支链数等链结构参数对其熔体的零切黏度、动态模量主曲线和平台模量等流变性能的影响,同时介绍一种用于梳型聚合物链拓扑结构的表征方法——傅里叶变换流变分析方法,以期为梳型聚合物链结构的流变分析和表征提供理论支持,并为其设计、加工和实际应用提供指导。
梳型聚合物的黏弹性主要依赖其高分子量链之间的缠结作用,受到主、侧链长度的影响[38]。可通过以下3个独立参数来量化其分子链结构:主链分子量bb、侧链分子量sc和支链数,它们的定义以及与其他参数间的关系分别参见图1和表1。图1中的0为一个聚合单元的摩尔质量,g×mol-1;g为相邻支化点之间所有聚合单元的摩尔质量,g×mol-1;bb、sc、g分别为主链、侧链、支化点间的聚合度。表1中的e为链缠结摩尔质量,g×mol-1,是聚合物产生链缠结所需的最低摩尔质量;bb、sc、g分别为主链、侧链、支化点间的链缠结数目;bb为主链体积分数;sc为侧链体积分数。
图1 梳型聚合物链结构示意图
表1 梳型高分子链结构定义[38]
不同聚合物的e不同,聚乙烯的e约为1 250 g×mol-1 [39]。e的计算式如下:
根据粗粒度分子模拟结果[3, 42-47],梳型聚合物可分为梳状(comb)和瓶刷(bottlebrush) 2类构象。根据缩比模型(scaling model),如图2(a)所示,Liang等[14, 42, 46-47]将聚合物链等效为无数个半径为sc的小球(blobs),建立了如下拥挤因子的表达式:
图2 描述梳型聚合物的模型及其分子链构象[3, 46]
式中:m为整条聚合物链所有聚合单元的体积之和,nm3;为整条聚合物链的排除体积,nm3。可用来描述相邻分子间的重叠程度,1为梳状构象,>1为瓶刷构象。在瓶刷构象中,根据侧链的长短又可将构象细分为3个亚类[42]:伸展型主链(SBB)、伸展型侧链(SSC)和棒状型侧链(RSC)。前两类拥有较长的柔性侧链,最后一类拥有短的棒状侧链。
为进一步量化梳型聚合物的链构象,借助粗粒度分子动力学模拟,并结合g、Abbasi等[12]、Paturej等[43]、Daniel等[44]将梳型聚合物的链构象分为4个区域,如图2(c)所示,图中,g*表示梳型聚合物从DC构象变为LB构象时,相邻侧链之间的聚合度;g**表示梳型聚合物从LB构象变为DB构象时,相邻侧链之间的聚合度。当g
在梳型聚合物构象理论研究基础上,人们也开展了大量流变实验,以便研究和掌握其构象变化与流变性能之间的相互关系[12, 38]。综述将重点介绍利用零切黏度、动态模量主曲线、平台模量和损耗角对复数模量图(vGP图)来定性或定量分析梳型聚合物链结构,论述bb、sc和的变化对其流变性能的影响,还将介绍一种流变分析方法——傅里叶变换流变分析方法。
高分子聚合物熔体的零切黏度0可用来定量描述聚合物链结构特征[49-51]。当线性高分子重均分子量w大于临界缠结摩尔质量c(c约是e的2~3倍)时[39-41, 52-54],存在以下关系式:
但梳型聚合物熔体的0不再符合式(4)的关系,它受到bb、sc和等因素的影响。根据管模型理论[55]和蠕动模型 (reptation model)[56],可量化梳型高分子的黏弹性[51, 57]。对于具有缠结侧链的高分子,侧链延缓了支化点间主链链段的旋转,从而增加了与主链之间的摩擦,其末端具有更高的移动性,比其他部分链段松弛更快;进一步增加支链数,会稀释主链的爬行管径,使主链更加伸展。因此,与线性聚合物相比,梳型聚合物的弛豫过程更复杂。
Inkson等[57]给出了具有缠结侧链和缠结主链的梳型聚乙烯(PE-g-PE)的0计算式:
式中:te为链缠结达到一个Me所需要的松弛时间,s;fbb¹1,6 ≤ q≤ Zbb,2 ≤ Zsc≤ 10,10 ≤ Zbb ≤ 100,Zg≥1。式(5)的右边可分为3部分:(1)线性链的零切黏度项(),近似等于与主链等长的线性链的零切黏度。随Mbb增加,链缠结增加,η0呈指数增加;(2)稀释项(),随q增大,即接枝密度提高,主链支化点间距变小,fbb减小,η0不断降低,甚至降到线性链的零切黏度以下。这是由于侧链对主链的强稀释效应所致;(3)摩擦项(),与侧链和主链间的摩擦相关。提高Msc,可增加链摩擦和链缠结,使η0呈指数增加。摩擦项中还含有一稀释项(1+2fbb),该项与侧链的动态自稀释效应有关[38]。总的来说,线性链上方区域侧链对主链的摩擦强于其稀释作用,而线性链下方区域则正相反。在摩擦项与稀释项的共同作用下,PE-g-PE的η0对Mw的标度关系分布在线性聚乙烯η0的上下两侧(见图3(a)) [38,57]。
上述研究表明,链缠结、链摩擦与主、侧链分子量(即主、侧链长度)密切相关,而接枝密度不仅影响侧链的稀释效应,还会影响主链的构象[2, 12, 49, 58-64]。
主链长短影响链缠结,长主链可产生链缠结,而短主链则不会。López-Barrón等[60, 65]合成侧链长度为4~16个碳的聚-烯烃瓶刷分子,每两个碳之间有一条短侧链,侧链远未达到缠结程度;当主链足够长时(bb=1 650~6 290 kg×mol-1、bb=53~451),聚合物熔体呈现出与线性链一样的缠结现象[65],聚烯烃瓶刷链可视为半径增厚的高斯链;当主链很短时(bb=33~50 kg×mol-1、bb=0.30~1.45),则不发生链缠结[60],聚合物熔体的流变行为可与Rouse模型吻合良好[66]。
侧链长短影响链摩擦和链缠结。Dalsin等[58]合成了带有降冰片烯(NB)官能团的无规聚丙烯大单体(aPP)和乙烯/丙烯大单体(PEP),通过ROMP方法分别合成PNB-g-aPP (bb=11~732、sc=2.05 kg×mol-1、sc≈0.5)和PNB-g-PEP (bb=13~627、sc= 6.7 kg×mol-1、sc≈3.5),每5个碳有一条侧链。研究发现,长侧链的PNB-g-PEP熔体拥有更高的0:在主链长度相同的情况下,长侧链的0比短侧链的高了近十倍,这表明侧链链缠结的存在极大地增加了链摩擦。ZHANG等[25, 67]合成了主链为乙烯/1-辛烯的无规共聚物(POE)、侧链为PE的CPOE (bb=80~100 kg×mol-1、sc=5~25.8 kg×mol-1、=0~5),简称POE-g-PE,发现最长侧链的0比最短侧链的高6倍,力学性能与陶氏EngageTM8150相当。
对于接枝密度更高的DB构象,0与w之间的关系类似不缠结的线性Rouse链。随着主链聚合度的增加,整个瓶刷分子从球形或纺锤形构象,逐渐转变成棒状或圆柱状构象[63-64],直至变为半柔性高斯链[62]。由于DB构象中主链和侧链均完全伸展,所以,无论主链和侧链长与短,其0与w之间均呈现正比例关系[58, 62-64, 69]。
Dalsin等[58, 62-63, 70]通过ROMP方法,以降冰片烯二甲酯(DME)为稀释剂,合成了主链为NB、侧链为聚乳酸(PLA)的梳型聚合物 (PNB-g-PLA,bb=40~1 800、sc3.5kg×mol-1、sc≈0.4、g=2.7~53.6),研究了PNB-g-PLA的约化零切黏度(0/T)对w的标度关系(T为平移因子),发现其0/T存在2个标度区域,如图4(a)所示,幂指数分别为1和3,这2个区域中链松弛分别与Rouse松弛和爬行松弛有关。如图4(b)所示,图中g为玻璃化转变温度,将w无量纲为w/e,并以此为轴。由图可见,当w/e=1时,Rouse松弛和爬行松弛存在一个转折点,这说明梳型聚合物本质上与线性聚合物类似。当聚合物由梳状构象转变为瓶刷构象时,其0/T对w的幂指数从3变为1,松弛机制也由爬行松弛变为Rouse松弛[38, 68]。
图4 PNB-g-PLA的约化零切黏度与重均分子量关系图[38, 62]
利用动态模量主曲线可研究聚合物熔体的完整松弛过程,通过如下WLF方程[71],平移得到动态模量主曲线:
式中:ref为参比温度,K;1、2为常数。
具有简单热流变行为的聚合物熔体满足时温等效原理(TTS),即低温下长时间的松弛过程,等同于高温下短时间发生的松弛;而具有复杂热流变行为的聚合物,因其多存在微相分离,很难通过平移得到动态模量主曲线。为避免梳型聚合物出现微相分离,通常使其主链体积分数小于1%[27, 58, 62, 69, 72],或者使主链与侧链的化学性质相近[12, 14, 60, 64]。
Xu等[27]合成了NB修饰的聚甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯大单体(PTFEMA),通过ROMP方法合成了主链为NB、侧链为PTFEMA的梳型聚合物 (PNB-g-PTFEMA,bb=21~200,sc=13.8 kg×mol-1),每5个碳有一条侧链。发现其熔体具有简单热流变行为,如图5(a)所示,在动态模量主曲线中按链段(segment)、侧链(side chain)和主链(backbone chain)分层级松弛(hierarchy relaxtion)[27, 60, 73]。图中,为频率,r×s-1;T为校正频率,r×s-1;¢为储能模量,Pa;²为损耗模量, Pa。动态模量主曲线可分为3个部分:高频链段松弛区域,反映玻璃态模量大小,松弛机制只与单体种类有关,与链拓扑结构无关[58];中频侧链松弛区域,长侧链在此区域有明显的侧链模量平台(见图5(b)),而短侧链没有(见图5(c));低频主链松弛区域,随着主链链长增加,该区域会出现主链模量平台,曲线末端会向低频移动,松弛所需时间延长。
图5 梳型聚合物动态模量主曲线[27, 58]
在侧链和主链松弛区域之间,还存在一个过渡区域[64],该区域受接枝密度的影响[62],可反映主链构象的变化。Dobrynin研究团队[14]通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)合成主、侧链均为聚丙烯酸正丁酯(PBA)的梳型聚丙烯酸正丁酯(PBA-g-PBA,bb= 2 000~3 000、sc= 13~15、g= 68~6),实验发现随着g减小,聚合物构象从梳状变为瓶刷,其黏弹性逐渐向黏性转变。在g= 6时(见图6),整个频率范围内²恒大于¢。在过渡区域出现¢≈²现象,这种现象与侧链对主链的屏蔽效应有关[58]。对于高接枝密度的DB聚合物,在过渡区域,¢与²互相平行,接近相等,且是频率的幂函数,幂指数约为0.6[12, 14, 27, 58, 60, 62, 64, 69, 74-76]:
图6 不同ng的PBA-g-PBA的动态模量与校正频率之间的关系[14]
(bb=2 000~3 000,sc=13~15,g= 6 ~68,ref= 343 K)
Wang等[34-35]通过开环反应合成了丙交酯(LLA)与己内酯(CL)的无规聚酯大单体(PLC),并将PLC、丙烯酸(AA)与丙烯酸异辛酯(EHA)共聚,制得梳型丙烯酸酯共聚物(PAE-g-PLC,bb=92~205 kg×mol-1、sc=2.04~7.68 kg×mol-1、=8~29)。研究发现,在过渡区域,¢与²互相平行,且是的幂函数,幂指数约为0.5,呈现Rouse松弛的流变特征。
上述关系也可用如下线性聚合物的Rouse模型[66]和Zimm模型[77]来解释:
Rouse:
Zimm:
这2种模型最初都是用于聚合物稀溶液体系,Zimm模型比Rouse模型预测的松弛过程更快,可更好地描述实际聚合物溶液。Zimm模型通过合并水力学相互作用来校正Rouse模型的标度关系,由于流体线团中链段的运动受周围流场干扰,聚合物内部链段被排除体积中的溶剂包裹形成球形结构,使溶剂不能穿过排除体积,因此聚合物链段对整个流场的黏性阻力没有贡献[77];而Rouse模型则忽略了流体水力学的相互作用,采用了平均场的方法,即所有聚合物链段对总黏度的贡献相等[66]。因此,Rouse模型能更好地描述不缠结线性链熔体的流变行为。对于高接枝密度的瓶刷聚合物熔体,由于微观尺度上梳型高分子侧链的密集堆叠,内部链段不接触周围分子,侧链相当于溶剂,起到了屏蔽主链的作用,但由于侧链并不是真正的溶剂,因此,瓶刷分子可被当作粗的高斯柔性链,其松弛行为有望被Rouse模型进行描述[58]。
图7 梳型聚合物链构象和平台模量的理论计算[38]
为验证计算结果的准确性,Lewis等[80]分析获得了2个基于聚-烯烃平台模量的经验方程:
需要指出的是,图7中SBB、SSC和RSC这3种类型的瓶刷聚合物的标度分析仅针对未达到缠结摩尔质量e的短侧链,对于达到e的长侧链瓶刷聚合物,是否能满足图7中的理论模拟还需进一步研究[58]。
vGP图用于表征聚合物的多分散性[81-82]和分子量[83],之后拓展到表征聚合物链拓扑结构[2, 84-85],用于定性分析聚乙烯/烯烃共聚物中共单体[86]和长侧链含量[82]的影响。具有热流变简单行为的聚合物熔体在不同温度下的vGP曲线能直接叠加在一起,无需平移处理;而存在相分离的具有热流变复杂行为的聚合物,不经过曲线平移无法叠加在一起,所以vGP图可用于验证时温等效原理的有效性,以判断聚合物是否发生了相分离[58]。
傅里叶变换流变通过对剪切震荡应力正弦波的傅里叶变换[93],可用于中等剪切震荡(MAOS)和大振幅剪切震荡(LAOS)条件下的聚合物黏弹性研究,而小振幅下的聚合物剪切震荡(SAOS)位于线型区。在固定频率下,通过流变仪的转子在聚合物膜片上施加固定振幅的应变,再由传感器检测转子所受应力大小,得到应力正弦波,见图9(a)。随着振幅增大,聚合物熔体从线型区过渡到非线性区,检测到的应力不再是标准的正弦波,而不同拓扑结构聚合物对应着不同的波形[94]。通过傅里叶变换,可将应力变化曲线转换为如式(13)所示的一系列叠加的三角函数,从而得到其在非线性区的拟合函数[93-95]。
图8 不同接枝密度的PS-g-PS的vGP图[12]
(bb=290 kg×mol-1,bb=20,w=4.4 kg×mol-1,sc=3,0 <≤190,ref= 453 K)
式中:()为转子所施加的剪切应力,Pa;I为阶谐波强度,Pa;为时间,s;为傅里叶变换阶数;为相位角。
经傅里叶变换可得到奇数谐波强度(见图9(a))和第三阶谐波相对强度3/1,表达式如下:
Hyun等[104]定义了非线性系数(,0)如下:
由图9(c)可见,(,0)在MAOS区域内为常数,而在LAOS区域内,(,0)随0增大而减小。类比于零切黏度的定义,在MAOS区域内可将(,0)向0减小方向外推得到本征非线性系数0():
类比动态模量主曲线,通过采集不同下的0(),可构建得到0()主曲线(见图9(d))。
0()主曲线能描述梳型聚合物的分层级松弛现象。0()值依赖于分子量、分子量分布和聚合物拓扑结构[96]。线性链的0()主曲线从低频到高频先升高后降低,存在一个最大值,其低频末端的0()与理论上存在如式(17)所示的二次幂的标度关系[104],实验结果也证明了这种关系的存在(见图10)[95]。
对于梳型聚合物,其Q0(ω)主曲线出现两个峰,两峰之间存在一最小值,对应链的松弛变化。Kempf等[88]研究发现高频峰、中频谷、低频峰分别对应侧链松弛、主链Rouse松弛和主链末端松弛,频率的倒数分别对应侧链松弛时间、主链Rouse松弛时间和爬行松弛时间。Song等[95]研究了不同接枝密度的单分散PS-g-PS (Zbb=20、Zsc=3、q=0~190)的Q0(ω)主曲线(图10),随着分子量增加,峰向低频方向移动,主链松弛时间延长,LC、DC等PS-g-PS呈现两个峰一个谷,高频峰位置都叠加在一起,代表了侧链的松弛;中间谷位置是主链和侧链的过渡区域,标志着主链构象发生了变化;LC和DC的梳型聚苯乙烯的低频峰向低频方向移动,且Q0(ω)变小,表示主链的松弛;当构象为LB时(见图中PS290-120-44),只有一个高频峰存在,低频处的Q0(ω)为ω的单调函数,呈现线性链的特征,此时主链伸展,梳型聚苯乙烯可被看作半径增厚的柔性线性链。
目前仅有傅里叶变换流变对梳型聚合物接枝密度的报道,暂时没有傅里叶变换流变对梳型聚合物主、侧链长度的研究报道,相关的规律还需进行深入的理论和实验研究。
本文综述了梳型聚合物主、侧链长度和支链数对其构象及流变性能的影响。基于管模型理论和粗粒度分子动力学模拟可区分梳型高分子的四种构象,利用模型分析可获得其平台模量与主链体积分数之间的规律,借助零切黏度、动态模量主曲线、vGP图和傅里叶变换流变等,可定性或定量地表征梳型高分子的链结构,理论与实验结果一致,对梳型聚合物流变研究具有通用性,可以推广到其他链结构清晰的梳型聚合物体系。总结发现,梳型聚合物独特的流变现象是由其侧链带来的链构象变化所导致的,侧链起到了3方面作用:(1)屏蔽主链对黏度的贡献;(2)使主链伸展,从无规高斯构象变为伸展构象;(3)稀释主链的体积分数。这3方面共同作用导致梳型聚合物熔体的零切黏度随侧链增多而下降,甚至低于线性链。链构象变化在动态模量主曲线上呈现明显的分层级松弛现象,高频区域对应聚合物链段松弛,中频平台区域对应侧链松弛,而低频末端则对应主链松弛;随着接枝密度的提高,整个聚合物分子逐渐遵从Rouse松弛机制。vGP图和傅里叶变换流变表征结果也可很好地说明梳型聚合物链的松弛过程。
虽然流变工具用来分析梳型聚合物链结构非常灵敏,相关理论也得到了一些实验结果的验证,但对其链结构的分析目前还停留在半定量阶段,主要依靠已知链结构的模型聚合物来了解流变性能。通过流变性能来反推链结构,往往存在较大偏差,目前仍存在巨大挑战,为此还需:(1)加强相关的流变理论基础研究,建立梳型聚合物流变性能与其链结构的构效关系,包括进一步完善管模型,建立更加准确、通用的流变模型;(2)结合其他链结构分析手段,如核磁、凝胶渗透色谱等,精确分析梳型聚合物链结构,辅助其流变性能研究,相互佐证实验结果;(3)逐步建立相应的大数据库,将梳型聚合物链结构因子与其重要流变性能参数进行关联,使其流变性能参数与链结构因子相对应。
拥有低平台模量和良好流动性的梳型聚合物,在药物载体、润滑剂、刺激响应材料、超柔介电弹性体等方面具有很大的应用潜力,如何设计和优化链结构、定制具有良好流变和力学性能的梳型聚合物,并拓展其在不同领域的应用是梳型聚合物研究所需关注的。目前,梳型聚合物侧链均接枝在一维主链上,如能结合二维材料并在二维平面上接枝侧链,构造出大面积二维平面分子刷;或在球表面接枝长链,构建出三维球形分子刷,并研究它们的流变行为,对开发具有特殊功能的新材料非常重要。
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Advance in the rheology study of comb polymers
XU Gui-fa1,2, LIU Ping-wei1,2, LI Bo-geng1, WANG Wen-jun1,2
(1. State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027,China; 2. Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China)
comb-shaped polymers; rheology; chain structure; zero-shear viscosity; plateau modulus; Fourier-transform rheology
TQ465.92
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-9015.2022.00.001
1003-9015(2022)03-0293-14
https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1141.TQ.20220106.1527.002.html
2021-03-02;
2021-05-05。
2022-01-07 07:47:28
国家自然科学基金项目(21938010, 21536011, 21420102008);浙江大学衢州研究院项目(IZQ2019-KJ-010)。
徐桂发(1995-),男,山东莒县人,浙江大学硕士生。
刘平伟,E-mail:liupingwei@zju.edu.cn
徐桂发, 刘平伟, 李伯耿, 王文俊.梳型聚合物流变研究进展[J]. 高校化学工程学报, 2022, 36(3): 293-306.
:XU Gui-fa, LIU Ping-wei, LI Bo-geng, WANG Wen-jun. Advance in the rheology study of comb polymers [J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 2022, 36(3): 293-306.