王春亚
书面表达是考查考生综合应用英语能力的必考题型。具体来说主要考查考生的要点提炼能力、遣词造句能力、规范书写能力、谋篇布局能力。分析高考英语书面表达评分标准中的第五档(21-25分)的要求可知:除了要完成规定的写作任务和覆盖题中的所有要点外,还要求考生在写作时多用高级词汇,尽力使用较复杂的语法结构,有效地应用连接成分使上下文结构紧凑。针对这样的要求,考生在写作时应从以下三个方面着手。
技巧一:应用高级词汇
一般来说,学生在小学阶段、初中阶段与高中一年级时,所学过的词汇都是常用的词汇,在高一年级之后学过的词汇中的大部分词汇是高级词汇,即年级越高所学习的词汇越高级。这就要求我们在平时的复习备考中,多用高年级学过的高级词汇进行写作。如,用到carefully时用with caution代替,用到very时用more than代替,用到important时用significant代替,用到most of时用the majority of代替,用到impos-sible时用out of question代替等。阅卷老师在阅卷时看到比较高级的词汇时,会有耳目一新的感觉,从而给出高分。
例1: Tired of doing many exercises day and day,Mary realizes that she should improve the quality andefficiency of doing math problems.
改为:Fed up with doing many exercises day andday, Mary realizes that she should enhance the qualityand efficiency of doing math problems.
例2: As long as they stick to their ideals and nevergive up, they are sure to win.
改为:On condition that they hold on their idealstightly and never give up, they are bound to achieve tri-umph.
例3: We can help anyone at all times and hot cof-fee will be offered within 12 hours from 8:00 t0 20:00.
改为:We can assist anyone at all times and hot cof-fee is available within 12 hours from 8:00 t0 20:00.
分析上面的例子,可看出改写后的句子显得更高级一些,主要把一般性的常用词替换成了高级词汇或者固定搭配,如例1中的常见词汇improve被替换成了高级词汇enhance;例2中的常见的As long as被替换成了不常见的On condition that。
技巧二:使用复杂句式
高考英语书面表达第五档评分标准要求考生尽量使用比较复杂的语法结构,这就告诉考生,在写书面表达时,应多用语法结构复杂的句子,比如可用各种从句、强调句、倒装句,还可以用插入语、非谓语动词形式等。
例4: Zhang Hang saw three little girls, they arepicking up rubbish by the river,talking and laughing.
改为:Zhang Hang saw three little girls who arepicking up rubbish by the river,talking and laughing.
例5:A1though she had been taught 10 times,shesti11 couldn't operate the machine t001 for making preci-SiOn panS.
改为:Having been taught 10血1es,s11e stiU couldn'topemte the machine t001 fbr making precision parts.
例6:You will be able to s01ve that dif![icult physicsproblem only after you have mastered the problem-s01v—ing SkillS.
改为:0nly afcer you have mastered the problem—s01ving skills wi11 you be able to s01ve that dimcultphysics problem。
分析上面的例子可知:例4中,把两个简单句合并成了一个定语从句后,句子结构更紧凑。例5中,把让步状语从句改写为非谓语动词形式后,句子显得更简洁。例6中,改写的句子把only引导的条件状语从句置于句首时,主句中的主语与谓语进行倒装,这样改写后读起来更加自然流畅,句子结构更加平衡。
技巧三:运用过渡词汇
考生在用高级词汇、复杂的句式基本写出书面表达的框架后,为了使句子与句子之间,段落与段落之间能够衔接或过渡得更自然、表达得更连贯,进而使全文更紧凑,考生在写作时应合理使用过渡性词汇。比如,表并列或者递进关系的词汇有:and,also,in ad—dition to,as weU as,moreover,not only...but also…,further more,what's worse/more等;表顺序的词汇有:now,bef-ore,then,earlier,after,firstly,aRerwards,1ater,secondly,to begin with等;表转折关系的词汇有:but,however,yet,on the contrary,on the otherhand,in spite of等;表因果关系的词汇有:because,so,therefore,since,as a result,thanks to,due to,othenⅣise等;表解释说明或列举事实的词汇有:for ex.ample,that is to say,such as,as f0110ws,take…for ex一锄ple,as f0110ws等;表陈述作者观点的词汇有:in myopinion,persona11y speaking,as f-ar as I'm concemed,from my point of view等;表总结的词汇有:finally,inconclusion, at last, in brief, in general, to sum up, inshort,on the whole等。
例7: In addition t0 55 positive comments, 31workers' views were either neutral, mixed, negative,or even missed the question.
例8: At that time, they didn't expect danger. Af-terwards,they trembled with fear.
例9:n's not a problem at all. On the other hand, it'sa great honor to help you and your mother.
例10: His admission to the ideal university islargely due to her efforts day and night.
分析上面的例子可知:例7中使用了in addition to意为“另外,除……之外”,例8中使用了afterwards意为“之后,然后”,例9中使用了on the other hand意为“(从)另一方面(来说)”,例10中使用了due to意为“由于”。这些过渡性词汇的使用,使句子之间衔接更自然、更紧凑,更有层次性。
总之,要想写出高水平的英语书面表達,进而获得高分,考生不仅需要写清写全写作要点,而且需要多应用高级词汇、复杂语法结构进行写作。在写作的过程中要根据上下文的语境和结构需要,合理应用过渡性词汇,使所写的文章逻辑清楚、结构合理、层次分明。
(作者单位:甘肃省靖远县第一中学)