王兰兰 蒋会
[摘要]目的觀察氢吗啡酮联合右美托咪定用于宫腔镜手术患者静脉麻醉的临床效果。方法采用随机数字表法将2020年6月至2021年5月在福建省肿瘤医院行宫腔镜手术的42例患者分为H组(n=21)和S组(n=21),术前两组均给予右美托咪定,在此基础上,H组给予氢吗啡酮,S组给予舒芬太尼。比较两组患者麻醉时长、苏醒时间,不同时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO)、呼吸频率(RR)以及术后镇静(SAS)和镇痛(VAS)评分。结果与T比较,两组患者T~T的MAP、HR均明显降低,S组T的SpO降低,T~T的RR降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者各时间点MAP、HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T时S组患者SpO低于H组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者SAS及VAS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但H组的苏醒时间短于S组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氢吗啡酮联合右美托咪定可以为宫腔镜手术患者提供良好的镇静、镇痛水平,且苏醒迅速,呼吸抑制少。
[关键词]氢吗啡酮;右美托咪定;宫腔镜手术;镇痛药
[中图分类号]R614 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2095-0616(2022)01-0012-05
Clinical study of hydromorphone combined with dexmedetomidine for patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery
WANG Lanlan JIANG Hui
Department of Anesthesiology,Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital,Fujian Cancer Hospital,Fujian,Fuzhou 350000,China
[Abstract]Objective To observe the clinical effect of hydromorphone combined with dexmedetomidine in intravenous anesthesia for patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery. Methods A total of 42 patients who underwent hysteroscopic surgery in Fujian Cancer Hospital from June 2020 to May 2021 were randomly divided into the group H(n=21)and group S(n=21). Both groups were given dexmedetomidine before surgery. On this basis,group H was given hydromorphinone and group S was given sufentanil. The anesthesia duration and recovery time of the two groups were compared. The average arterial pressure (MAP),heart rate (HR),saturation (SpO)and respiratory rate (RR)of the two groups at different time points,and the postoperative sedation (SAS)and analgesia (VAS)scores two groups were compared. Results Compared with T,the MAP and HR from T to T in both groups decreased significantly. SpO of group S at T decreased significantly,and RR from T to T decreased significantly (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in MAP and HR between the two groups of patients at each time point (P>0.05). At T,the SpO of the S group was lower than that of the H group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05);There was no statistically significant difference in SAS and VAS scores between the two groups of patients (P>0.05),but the recovery time of H group was shorter than that of S group,with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion Hydromorphone combined with dexmedetomidine can provide a good level of sedation and analgesia for patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery,with rapid recovery and less respiratory depression.
[Key words]Hydromorphone;Dexmedetomidine;Hysteroscopic surgery;Anodyne
宫腔镜手术因其操作简单、安全性高,是日间患者子宫疾病诊断及治疗的最普遍的方式之一[1]。在宫腔镜手术过程中,宫颈的牵拉、液体灌洗导致宫腔扩张均可引起患者疼痛及不适。目前,镇静药复合阿片类镇痛药的静脉麻醉方法是宫腔镜手术的主要麻醉方式。右美托咪定可以提供足够的镇静,且不会引起呼吸抑制,已广泛用于临床麻醉实践中[2-3]。氢吗啡酮是一种新型的μ受体激动剂,其不良反应少[4]。本研究拟比较静脉给予氢吗啡酮或舒芬太尼联合右美托咪定对宫腔镜手术患者镇静、镇痛效果及血流动力学变化。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本研究选择2020年6月至2021年5月在福建省肿瘤医院行宫腔镜手术的42例患者作为研究对象。纳入标准:①23~60岁;②ASA I~II级;③体重指数(body mass index,BMI)18~30 kg/m。排除标准:①既往存在明显心、脑、肾及肝脏疾病;②血压>160/100 mmHg或<100/60 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);③心率>120次/min或<50 次/min;④既往有精神、神经病史,药物滥用;⑤存在困难气道,如呼吸睡眠暂停综合征等。采用随机数字表法将42例患者分为H组(n=21)和S组(n=21),术前两组均给予右美托咪定,在此基础上,H组给予氢吗啡酮,S组给予舒芬太尼。本研究通过医院医学伦理委员会批准,所有患者均已签署知情同意书。
1.2 方法
患者术前均禁食禁饮。入室后常规置入22G静脉留置针开放上肢静脉,静脉滴注乳酸林格氏液(浙江天瑞药业有限公司,批号:121031704)。连续监测心电图、心率(heart rate,HR)、血氧饱和度(saturation of pulse oxygen,SpO),平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)以及呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)。术中患者全程面罩吸氧,氧流量5 L/min。手术开始前,静脉泵注右美托咪定(扬子江药业集团有限公司,批号:20062431)负荷量1 μg/kg,泵注10 min;而后给予右美托咪定维持量0.3 μg/(kg·h),直至手术结束。手术操作开始前5 min,H组给予氢吗啡酮(宜昌人福药业,批号:01A11241)1 mg,S组给予舒芬太尼(宜昌人福药业,批号:03A12021)0.1 μg/kg[5]。在麻醉过程中出现呼吸抑制或舌后坠时,采取提下颌辅助通气处理;若出现低血压或心动过缓等情况应给予相应的处理。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
观察患者麻醉前(T),给予右美托咪定负荷量后(T),给予氢吗啡酮或舒芬太尼后(T),手术操作开始时(T),手术结束时(T),手术结束后5min(T)、10 min(T)、20 min(T)的MAP、HR、SpO、RR。评估患者术后T~T的镇静-躁动评分(sedative agitation score,SAS)[6],采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评价患者T~T的疼痛情况。记录麻醉时间、患者苏醒时间。
1.4 统计学方法
2 结果
2.1 两组患者一般情况比较
两组患者年龄、BMI、麻醉时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。H组患者苏醒时间短于S组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 两组患者循环及呼吸指标比较
与T相比,两组患者T~T的MAP、HR均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且S组患者T的SpO明显降低,T~T的RR降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而H组患者SpO、RR无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患者各时间点MAP、HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T时S组患者SpO低于H组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。T~T时S组患者RR低于H组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组患者SAS及VAS评分比较
两组患者T~T的SAS及VAS評分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。
3 讨论
宫腔镜手术是一种广泛应用于子宫疾病诊断及治疗的微创手术,其安全、有效、近乎无创的特点契合日间手术的要求,手术并发症发生率为0.22%~2.70%[7]。但手术过程时放置窥阴器扩张宫颈、宫腔内操作等均可引起患者疼痛不适。目前镇静药联合阿片类镇痛药可以为宫腔镜检查提供有效的麻醉条件。
丙泊酚因其起效快、半衰期短等特點在临床上得到广泛使用,但其可引起注射痛、呼吸抑制及低血压等缺点[8]。右美托咪定是一种强效的α-肾上腺素受体激动剂,具有镇静、镇痛以及抑制外科手术导致的应激反应且不引起呼吸抑制作用。有研究表明,日间手术麻醉右美托咪定优于丙泊酚[9]。故本研究选择右美托咪定作为宫腔镜手术静脉麻醉的镇静药。右美托咪定具有外周和中枢抗交感作用,有文献报道右美托咪定可能导致低血压及心动过缓[10-11]。本研究发现,给予右美托咪定负荷量后患者MAP、HR较麻醉前有所下降,但是术中未见明显低血压及心动过缓。这可能和本研究采用右美托咪定联合阿片类镇痛药物用于宫腔镜手术,术中给予较低的右美托咪定维持量有关,在保证镇静水平的同时减少右美托咪定可能导致的不良反应。
氢吗啡酮与舒芬太尼均为阿片类镇痛药,均可为宫腔镜手术提供良好镇痛。二者与右美托咪定联合使用,均可增强右美托咪定镇静镇痛作用,且可减少右美托咪定用量[12-13]。氢吗啡酮为高选择性、高效的新型μ受体激动剂,其镇痛作用是吗啡的8~10倍,其成瘾性低,对呼吸的抑制作用较小,在国外已广泛应用于术中疼痛及癌痛的治疗[14]。舒芬太尼是强效的阿片类镇痛药,但其可导致明显的呼吸抑制[15]。同时有研究发现,氢吗啡酮与右美托咪定联合应用于ASA II~III经导管动脉化疗栓塞术的患者,此方案可提供良好的镇静镇痛水平,且不引起呼吸抑制[16]。这与本研究结果相似,S组给予舒芬太尼后出现SpO下降和RR明显降低,需通过提下颌改善通气,而给予氢吗啡酮行宫腔镜手术患者未出现明显呼吸抑制的表现。
本研究结果显示,两组患者术中不同时间点MAP、HR无明显差异,且氢吗啡酮的镇痛效果和舒芬太尼比较,差异均无统计学意义,但是S组苏醒时间较H组长,这可能和舒芬太尼作用时间较长且其可引起苏醒延迟有关[17]。
但是本研究对象排除ASA III级及以上的患者,故将本研究结果推广到所有宫腔镜手术患者有一定的困难。且本实验只研究给予1 mg氢吗啡酮联合右美托咪定用于宫腔镜手术,未进行不同给药剂量氢吗啡酮的比较,对于宫腔镜手术给予氢吗啡酮剂量仍需后期进一步研究,以期为氢吗啡酮在静脉麻醉中的应用提供用药参考。
综上所述,氢吗啡酮联合右美托咪定可以为宫腔镜手术患者提供良好的镇静、镇痛效果,苏醒迅速,呼吸抑制较舒芬太尼明显减少。
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