史凡,黄泓晶,陈燕婷,陈李林*
间套作功能植物对茶园生态系统服务功能的影响
史凡1,2,3,黄泓晶1,2,3,陈燕婷4,陈李林1,2,3*
1.闽台作物有害生物生态防控国家重点实验室,福建农林大学植物保护学院,福建 福州 350002;2.中国白茶研究院,福建 福鼎 355200;3.害虫绿色防控福建省高校重点实验室,福建 福州 350002;4.福建省农业科学院植物保护研究所,福建 福州 350013
合理间套作功能植物是茶园生境管理的主要措施之一,能够遮光保温、保持水土、增肥促长、保持微域环境稳定;还能吸引天敌、驱避害虫,减轻茶园病虫草为害,有助于茶叶提质增效。但不合理的间套作会破坏茶园微域环境和争夺养料,进而影响茶树生长。通过综述近年来在茶园间套作功能植物及其对茶园生态系统服务功能的影响方面的文献,主要包括茶园常见功能植物的种类、作用方式、功效和常见问题,以及间套作功能植物对茶树生长发育和茶叶产量品质的影响及对病虫草害的调控作用;以期为应用间套作措施促进茶园病虫草害的综合调控和提升茶园生态系统服务功能提供指导。
套种;生境管理;生态调控;生态系统服务;生态系统功能
茶树[(L.) Kuntze]是我国重要的经济作物之一,2020年我国茶园总面积达316.51万hm2,国内销售总额为2 888.84亿元,出口总额为20.38亿美元[1]。目前,我国茶园管理方式朝着生态调控的方向发展[2]。茶园有害生物生态调控基于“预防为主、生态优先、整合治理、精准施策”的原则,从茶园生态系统中“茶树-有害生物-天敌及茶园生态环境”相互作用关系出发,整合生态调控技术、农业防治、生物防治、理化诱控、现代生物技术和合理的化学防治等手段,构建“经济、简便、有效”的生态技术体系,将有害生物控制在生态经济阈值水平之下,达到经济可实行、生态可持续、社会可接受的目的[3]。
生境管理是生态调控的重要方式之一。生境管理指通过对生境中各种资源进行合理配置,构建复杂生态系统,提高天敌控害能力的保护性防治策略[4-5]。生境管理被广泛应用于茶园、果园、菜地和稻田等农田生态系统中。构建健康合理的农田生态系统,需要同时改善生态环境和生物类群。改善生态环境,主要包括地上部分的温度、光照、水分;地下部分的保水透气性、酸碱度及各种营养物质等。改善生物类群多样性,主要包括天敌类群、传粉者类群、有益微生物及非杂草植物[6](图1)。
间套作功能植物是生境管理的重要方式之一,通过将病虫草害的生态调控与提质增效技术相结合,减缓因生态系统脆弱对生物多样性构成的威胁,达到维持生态系统平衡和稳定的目的[3,7]。合理间套作有利于提高茶园光、水、热、空间等资源利用率,促进茶树植株健壮生长;驱避害虫或诱集天敌,为有益生物类群提供蜜粉资源、栖境、避难所、替代猎物等生态系统服务功能,从而提高茶园生物防治效果[8-11]。本文对近年来在茶园间套作功能植物对茶园生态系统影响方面的文献进行了综述,以期为应用间套作措施提升茶园保益控害、提质增效等生态系统服务功能提供理论依据和实践指导。
茶园间套作功能植物是为了涵养水土、改善茶园微环境、增强保益控害效能、茶产品提质增效和增加茶旅观光等生态系统服务功能。因此,茶园间套作功能植物的选择应符合种植管理轻简、适应性广、与茶树无共同病虫害、非入侵杂草、对生境影响具有长效和普适性及作用期与茶树生长采摘期衔接合适等要求[10-12]。注重景观生态格局与过程,空间尺度注意不同植被斑块的设计,时间尺度注意综合考虑生物资源及物候期[13]。利用间套作措施对茶园进行生态调控成为近年研究热点,目前常见的适合用于茶园间套作的功能植物见表1。
图1 间套作功能植物调节茶园生态系统服务功能
1.2.1 水土涵养植物(绿肥植物)
水土涵养植物能够改善土壤肥力、保持水土、维持土壤健康。常见的水土涵养植物包括豆科植物圆叶决明()和白车轴草()等,该类植物根系具有固氮根瘤菌,能够进行生物固氮,增加土壤养分含量。彭晚霞等[73]发现在茶园间作白车轴草能促进水分转移至关键土层,提高水分利用率;同时对茶园微域温度具有双向调控作用(图2)。
1.2.2 栖境植物(载体植物、养虫植物)
栖境植物具有适宜生物类群栖息的物理结构,有助于天敌类群越夏、越冬或繁殖等活动;有利于增加有益生物类群的物种数、种群数量和群落多样性,增强天敌控害效果[9,75]。茶园间作功能植物能够涵养天敌,降低小贯小绿叶蝉()的发生[58-59]。Zhang等[76]发现间作红豆()能够提高天敌东亚小花蝽()的存活率和产卵量(图2)。
1.2.3 蜜粉源植物(显花植物)
蜜粉源植物具有较多的花粉、花蜜或蜜露,可为有益类群(天敌或传粉者)提供食物,吸引有益生物类群,提高益害比;增强天敌对有害生物类群的捕食作用[77-78];还能够提高寄生性天敌的寿命及寄生能力[79]。张正群等[58]发现在茶园间作多花植物罗勒(),能为天敌提供生长繁殖所需的花蜜,草蛉、蜘蛛、瓢虫和寄生蜂的数量分别提高了9.0、3.3、1.6、1.4倍。取食蜜粉源的昆虫还可以为植物传授花粉,具有稳定农业生产等作用[80](图2)。
表1 茶园常见生境类型及适合的功能植物
图2 茶园常见功能植物类型(改自肖英方等[74])
1.2.4 诱集植物(诱虫植物)
诱虫植物可以通过物理形态和挥发性次生物质共同作用形成比主栽作物更强的引诱力[81]。诱虫植物可以诱捕有害生物类群,减少其对主栽作物的为害[82-83]。斯里兰卡茶园管理者通过种植合欢植物(sp.)诱杀白蚁,南印度茶园管理者曾使用千斤拔()诱集茶枝小蠹成虫()[84]。张晓明等[85]发现在茶园间作黄金菊()可吸引更多天敌昆虫取食和停留(图2)。
1.2.5 驱避植物
驱避植物含有特定的化学物质,形成较强的化感作用物质或刺激性气味。茶园间套作驱避植物能够向环境分泌芳香物质,从而影响生物类群的定位、搜寻、取食和寄生等活动[58]。在茶园间作薄荷()可以驱避绿盲蝽()[60],间作迷迭香()对茶尺蠖()具有干扰和驱避作用[86]。Cai等[87]在茶园缓释芳香化合物混合剂,证明芳香植物挥发物对茶小绿叶蝉具驱避作用(图2)。
1.2.6 杀虫植物
杀虫植物可产生有毒物质,如生物碱、糖苷类等,直接杀死有害生物。曾维爱[88]开展了15种植物的4种溶剂提取物对茶尺蠖3龄幼虫生物测定试验,发现辣蓼()中的丁香酚对茶尺蠖幼虫具有明显拒食、胃毒和触杀作用,抑制幼虫生长。Kamunya等[89]研究发现,印加孔雀草()与茶树间作后,印加孔雀草分泌的皂苷类物质能够有效毒杀茶园土壤中的根结线虫(图2)。
1.2.7 其他植物
除上述的生态系统服务功能外,多花的功能植物还兼具有净化空气、散发香味,以及提供视觉享受的功能。在茶园间套作油菜()、樱花(sp.)或杜鹃花()能够满足游客的休闲娱乐需求,具有茶旅融合观光功能[32-33,90]。部分间套作植物还可作为饲料、菌类栽培料、沼气池发酵原料等[27,91],甚至发挥“以草治草”功效[61,92](图2)。
茶树为多年生植物,且定植后极少移栽。纯茶园和幼龄茶园地表裸露面积较多,土壤保水保肥能力弱;长期施肥和采茶等农事操作导致土壤板结退化,含水量和透气性降低。功能植物根系的生长能够促进土壤疏松化,增强土壤透气度,调节地表温度,减少水分蒸发,降低单位体积土壤容重。同时,功能植物产生的分泌物和有机质能够改善土壤微生物群落组成与结构,提高土壤酶活性。
间套作功能植物有助于滞留降雨、减少地表径流,增加土壤中水分存留;同时,减缓空气流动,减少土壤水分挥发和叶片蒸腾,提高水分利用率[17]。在茶园间作白车轴草能促进深层土壤中水分向关键土层移动[61]。在茶园间作大球盖菇()后,冬季茶园土壤含水量提高5.74%~10.81%,且降雨量越小,抗旱保墒能力越强[56]。
茶树生长的最适气温为20~30℃,最适地温为14~20℃[93]。功能植物对茶园温度具有双向调节作用。在气温较低的春季,功能植物能够减缓空气流动,阻碍热量交换,减少茶丛热量扩散至周围环境中,使茶园微域较温暖,促进茶树提早出芽;在气温较高的夏季,功能植物遮阴减少阳光直射,降低茶树叶面、微域环境和地表的温度[73]。在茶行间作大豆(),茶园微域气温可降低3.1~3.6℃,间作玉米()可降低1.7~3.8℃[30-31]。套种杉木茶园有害叶面高温出现的次数仅为对照茶园的20.6%~32.4%,土壤出现的极端高温比对照茶园降低约5.0℃[94]。
降雨或浇水时产生的径流会导致泥土和养分流失,间套作功能植物能够改善土壤理化性质、减少地表径流和泥土冲刷量,提高养分的生物有效性,有利于茶园水土保持和生态修复。在茶园间作白车轴草可减弱雨水冲击,增加土壤孔隙度和粉砂含量[95-96]。适度遮阴能够提高茶园土壤养分、酶活性和微生物多样性,有利于受损生态系统的恢复和重建[97]。间套作功能植物能够提高有效钼、铜、交换性钙、镁和硼的含量;降低土壤中铅、镍、锰等对人体有害重金属元素的含量[25]。
茶树是喜酸性植物,最适合茶树生长的土壤pH处于4.5~5.5,但我国主要茶区约72.3%的土壤pH小于4.5,且pH平均每年以0.05的速率下降[98]。土壤过度酸化会使茶树生长受到抑制,而种植功能植物能够缓解土壤的酸化速率,提升土壤pH值。梁丽妮等[32]发现油菜能够提高茶树根围土的pH值至4.78~5.97,提高根际土壤的pH值至4.34~5.62。
间套作功能植物对有机质分解、矿质营养循环和土壤生态系统的可持续发展起着重要的作用[99]。间套作功能植物能提高茶园土壤中矿物质和有机质含量[33,58];提高有效氮、有效磷和有效钾的含量[100],促进茶树对营养元素的吸收。茶园间作的豆科植物会将氮气固定转化为茶树生长所需的氮素,增加土壤氮肥含量。绿肥植物自然凋落或收割覆盖,经微生物降解后,会产生大量有机质。
土壤有益微生物具有解磷、释钾、固氮,以及增强土壤保湿性等优点,随着茶树种植年限的增加,会降低茶园土壤微生物群落多样性。间套作可诱导有益菌群在土壤中定殖和改善根际微生物群落组成的结构特征[39]。在茶园间作大豆能改变土壤微生物的活性和多样性,调节土壤放线菌、细菌和真菌的种类及其数量[101];间作圆叶决明能够提高固氮菌和放线菌的数量[102]。
土壤酶催化各种生物化学反应,提高酶活性将促进土壤养分供应和转化。在茶园间套作功能植物不仅增加植物根系向土壤中释放的酶量,还增加微生物向土壤中释放的酶量。杨林等[103]发现茶行间作光叶紫花苕()会提高土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性。
昆虫在生态系统中有着重要的调节作用,具有传粉、生物控害、传播种子、分解动植物的残体和排泄物,以及观赏等功能,在生态系统中能够参与调节物质循环、能量流动和信息传递等过程[104-105]。间套作模式形成适度荫蔽、温湿度变幅小的稳定微域,有利于天敌类群的定殖繁衍[11,73]。提高生物多样性,有利于形成复杂且稳定的食物网,但也可能会增加有害种群的比例[106-107]。不同种植模式可改变茶园生物群落的空间格局和益害比,以及提高生境结构复杂的茶园中节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和多样性[35,42]。陈亦根等[52-53]发现在茶园间作长节耳草()提高了物种丰富度和茶园生态系统稳定性。
3.1.1 提高天敌类群
在茶园间套作功能植物有助于提高节肢动物群落多样性和天敌群落多样性[65,108]。生境结构复杂的茶园增加蜘蛛物种丰富度和多样性指数,增强蜘蛛对有害生物的跟随效应和控害能力[42,109-110]。与简单生境茶园相比,复杂生境茶园中狼蛛科雌蛛、雄蛛和幼蛛个体数分别增加了4.36、3.63、7.91倍[111];但Chen等[64]在茶园间作百喜草()或圆叶决明,蜘蛛物种丰富度和个体数与自然留养杂草对照茶园的差异不显著。间套作功能植物能够提高茶园捕食螨优势类群圆果大赤螨()的个体数,充分发挥以螨治虫的生态控制效应[48,65]。Chen等[112]研究还发现,在间作百喜草或圆叶决明的茶园中,鞘翅目捕食性天敌个体数显著高于自然留养杂草茶园的。间套作功能植物有助于提高寄生蜂物种丰富度、个体数和多样性指数,提高寄生蜂寿命及寄生率,从而增强其对茶园主要害虫茶小绿叶蝉、茶尺蠖的防控效果[48,113]。李慧玲等[69]在茶园间作白车轴草或圆叶决明,缨小蜂虫口数与空白对照相比提高了61.98%。Chen等[49]也发现间作功能植物茶园能增加缨小蜂类、茧蜂类、姬小蜂类等寄生蜂及捕食性天敌个体数,降低茶尺蠖和蓟马个体数。
在有害生物流行暴发期,利用致病力强的虫生真菌可以较快地降低有害生物种群数量,对黑刺粉虱()等害虫具有较好的防控效果[114-115]。韩宝瑜等[114,116]调查了皖南林茶间作茶园,发现能够侵染粉虱、蚧壳虫及鳞翅目害虫的多种真菌种类。联合利用虫生真菌和天敌昆虫,可以提高对茶园有害生物的防控效果,但,目前有关间套作功能植物强化茶园寄生菌生物防治的研究相对较少[114]。
3.1.2 降低有害生物类群
茶小绿叶蝉是茶园分布最广、为害最重的吸汁性害虫,目前我国各大茶区小绿叶蝉优势种为小贯小绿叶蝉[117-118]。在茶园间套作功能植物能够有效驱避茶小绿叶蝉、减少茶小绿叶蝉着卵量和种群数量,从而抑制茶小绿叶蝉种群暴发;同时,还有研究发现能够降低绿盲蝽的种群数量[58,65,119]。但,陈李林等[57]短期研究结果发现,间作功能植物茶园未显著降低茶小绿叶蝉网捕量和茶梢着卵量。韩宝瑜等[120-121]通过比较发现,生境结构复杂的有机茶园天敌多、害虫少,植食性螨类和茶尺蠖发生均较轻。江丽容等[122]研究发现薄荷和迷迭香等植物对茶尺蠖具有吸引作用,而薰衣草()则具有强烈的驱避效果。张正群等[123-124]发现了多种具有驱避气味的,能够调控茶尺蠖行为的植物精油和提取液。叶火香等[40-41]发现在茶园间套作吊瓜()或柑桔()能有效抑制茶蚜()和粉虱的种群数量,同时改变节肢动物垂直空间分布,抑制害虫为害。
3.1.3 调控其他生物类群
食腐的蚯蚓和弹尾虫是农业系统重要组成部分,不仅可以降解枯枝落叶等有机物,促进物质循环,还可以提高土壤排水透气性。在茶园间作马唐()[125]、白车轴草[73]、山毛豆()[35]等功能植物可增加土壤中蚯蚓数量和生物量,改善土壤理化性质。陈李林等[126]发现茶园间作百喜草或圆叶决明可提高凋落层弹尾虫个体数。
间套作促进作物对养分的吸收利用,稀释、阻挡或驱避病原菌,提高寄主作物生理生化抗性,抑制带毒昆虫种群密度,进而抑制病害的发生发展[127]。在茶园间套作功能植物能降低茶饼病、赤星病、煤烟病、炭疽病、轮斑病及根结线虫的发病率[19,29,89]。前人研究发现,间作大豆茶园炭疽病发病率降低74.34%,茶饼病降低85.12%[29];间作玉米茶园炭疽病降低49.76%[29];套种香樟()茶园轮斑病和赤星病的发病率分别降低50.47%和60.00%[19]。
在茶园间套作功能植物能够优先占据生态位,增强杂草种间竞争,利用作物群体优势原理进行生态控草,降低杂草种类和密度;间套作的功能植物刈割后覆盖于茶行中间能够阻挡光照和空气,导致草种不能萌发[37]。幼龄茶园空白生境比重较大,通过间套作大豆、花生()等作物,能充分抑制杂草蔓延。罗旭辉等[128]发现在茶园间作圆叶决明2年后,恶性杂草马唐密度减少到每平方米7株。张永志等[92]发现茶园间作鼠茅草(),对杂草株防效为88.96%,鲜重防效为89.36%。
合理间套作功能植物能够促进茶树对光的吸收,降低茶叶中酚氨比,提升茶叶产量和品质[21,47,61,129]。乌龙茶鲜嫩茶梢的增加,会吸引茶小绿叶蝉取食,经发酵后可制成浓厚香醇,具有果香的东方美人茶[130]。
4.1.1 提高光合速率
茶树喜漫射光,对光强需求较低,茶园适度遮阴可调节光照强度、有利于改善光质,促进茶树春梢生长[131]。间套作能够减缓茶园光合辐射变化,消除茶树“午休”现象[20];降低呼吸速率,提高光合作用[71,132]。功能植物对光照具有阻挡、吸收、反射等作用,减少因光照过强或直射时间过长而导致茶树多花早衰[14]。张明泽等[51]发现在茶园间作巨菌草()能促进茶叶中叶绿素a的合成,提高叶绿素a/b的比值。间套作功能植物对茶园的遮光度在30%左右最佳[13],过度遮阴会影响茶园通风透光性,造成叶部病害加重。
4.1.2 促进根系生长
合理间套作功能植物能够改善土壤环境,促进根系生长。严芳等[63]发现在茶园间作白车轴草,茶树根系总长度、表面积、体积和分叉数分别是单作茶园的2.1、2.6、2.7、4.0倍。余立华等[133]发现茶园套种栗树(),能够提高茶树根系吸收根比例、比根长和根系活性,其中套种茶园的茶树吸收根比常规茶园高19.27%。
4.1.3 增强茶树长势
间套作功能植物能够改变茶园微域气候,为茶树提供更适宜的生长条件,提早茶芽萌发期和全盛期[30-31,56],增快展叶速度[23-24,92]。与对照茶园相比,间作花生后茶树株高增加13.0%,树幅增大19.5%,茶苗成活率提高6.5%;间作大豆和花生后茶树枝干直径增加21.8%[34]。
茶叶水浸出物主要包括多酚类、氨基酸和咖啡碱等,决定了茶汤的汤色和滋味;茶多酚与氨基酸的比值决定茶叶鲜爽度,酚氨比低的茶汤鲜爽度较高。施肥过多会导致茶叶品质下降,苦味增加[134]。在茶园间套作功能植物有利于茶叶中氨基酸和蛋白质的合成,调节可溶性糖、儿茶素、没食子酸和咖啡碱的含量,降低酚氨比,改善茶叶品质[36,45,135]。在茶园套种栗树会改变茶树氨基酸代谢机制,提高茶叶的鲜爽度和香气[15-16]。在茶园套种核桃或桤木()能够降低茶叶中粗纤维含量,提高鲜嫩度[136]。套种苹果()能够降低茶叶叶片厚度和角质层,增加海绵组织和栅栏组织厚度;其中叶片厚度减少0.158%~0.187%,海绵组织增大0.194%~0.462%[44]。间作榆黄菇(),茶水浸出物中茶多酚和花青素含量比单种茶树分别增加1.04%和0.13%[54]。
种植功能植物能够改变茶园微域气候,为茶树提供更适宜生长条件,有利于提高茶树新梢长度、发芽密度和百芽重[23-24,92]。与对照茶园相比,黄槐()-茶树-野花生()的复合种植模式能够增加茶树芽长17.58%、百芽鲜重33.12%、百芽干重39.88%[137]。
不科学合理的间套作措施,将导致间套作植物与茶树存在养分和光能竞争,会抑制茶树生长,甚至降低茶叶品质产量,达不到生境管理的目的。同时,过度遮阴会增加水分积累,影响透气透光,造成叶部病害加重。间套作时应考虑功能植物的高度及种植密度[13]。茶园套种厚朴()或李树,明显加重茶饼病与茶炭疽病发病[29]。若间套作植物存在较强化感作用或与茶树产生水肥竞争,则会抑制茶树的生长。如在茶园套种巨桉()或核桃,巨桉根系和叶片中会分泌大量的化感物质[138],核桃根系会分泌化感物质胡桃醌,从而导致茶树生长不良和茶叶品质下降[139]。
与稻田、菜地等农田生态系统相比,传统茶园生物群落结构复杂,可长期保持动态平衡。在通过间套作措施构建立体复合型生态茶园时,需要保留一定面积的天然原生植被,可作为本地生物类群的“库”,以避免造成单一种植功能植物后,茶园的生物多样性降低[13]。间套作具有诱虫功能的植物时,还需要考虑功能植物的种植区域,防止害虫向茶园的正向转移[13]。选择间套作的功能植物时,需要注意避免与茶树有共同病虫害的植物,李祥英[140]发现在幼龄茶园间作番薯()后,会引起茶苗根结线虫为害,造成茶树死亡。
与化学肥料相比,间套作功能植物提供的养分含量较低、起效慢;如果长期只依靠功能植物为茶树提供养分,会造成产量下降、品质降低等问题。同时,受传统认知“草与茶争肥”的影响,以及种植功能植物需要进行开沟、播种和刈割覆盖等农事操作,导致人工成本增加,降低茶农在茶园间套作功能植物的积极性。目前在实际生产过程中,适合茶园种植的新品种选育较为缓慢,种系逐渐退化,可能转变为杂草[141]。在茶园间作套种功能植物提高茶叶品质产量的效果明显,但技术体系尚未完善,生产过程中缺乏相应的技术指导,难以形成大规模种植。
间套作功能植物是一种常见的生境管理措施,通过科学合理地引入功能植物或保护当地自然植被的方式,增加有益生物类群的丰度和活性,强化茶园保益控害的生态系统服务功能[142-143]。合理的间套作可以通过利用不同植物种间促进和互利共生原理,控制茶园病虫草害的发生流行,减少化学肥料和化学农药施用,提高土地利用率,最终提升茶叶品质和产量,保障茶叶安全优质生产[144-145]。
仅依靠间套作功能植物调节茶园生物类群来控制有害生物的发生是远远不够的,还需要结合其他绿色防控措施进行生态调控。对茶园有害生物进行生态调控应从大尺度出发,拓展至区域性农田景观的空间范围。通过景观设计对茶园植物进行合理布局,协调“茶树-病虫草害-天敌及茶园生态环境”相互之间的关系,提高茶园景观中有益生物的生物控害服务功能,将有害生物控制在生态经济阈值水平之下,维持茶园生态系统稳定的动态平衡,构建长期有效的茶园有害生物生态调控体系[3,142]。
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Effects of Intercropping Functional Plants on the Ecosystem Functions and Services in Tea Garden
SHI Fan1,2,3, HUANG Hongjing1,2,3, CHEN Yanting4, CHEN Lilin1,2,3*
1.State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, college of Plant Protection,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; 2.Institute of China White Tea, Fuding 355200, China; 3.Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fuzhou 350002, China; 4.Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
As one of the main measures of habitat management, reasonable intercropping of functional plants in tea garden can shade tea bushes and keep them warm, conserve water and soil, increase fertility and promote growth, as well as maintain micro-habitat stability.It also can attract natural enemies, repel pests, reduce the damage caused by diseases, insects, and weeds in tea garden, therefore it is beneficial for improving the quality and efficiency of the tea.However, unreasonable intercropping will destroy the micro-habitat of tea garden, compete for nutrients, thus affecting the growth of tea plants.In this paper, the intercropping of functional plants and their effects on the ecosystem functions and services in tea garden in recent years were reviewed.These effects mainly included the species, management models, functions and common problems with the most widely used functional plants, as well as the regulatory effects of intercropping of functional plants on the growth and development of tea plants, tea quality and yield, and tea pests.The ultimate goal of this paper was to provide guidance for the application of intercropping measures to promote the comprehensive regulation of pests in tea garden, and enhance the ecosystem functions and services of tea garden.
Intercropping, habitat management, ecological control, ecosystem services, ecosystem functions
S571.1
A
1000-369X(2022)02-151-18
2021-07-03
2021-11-02
福建省创新战略研究计划项目(2020R0036)、中国白茶研究院开放课题项目(白茶研院〔2021〕5号)、女茶师非遗传习所科技特派员工作站(安科特派办〔2021〕3号)、国家自然科学基金(31501650)、福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(CXZX2019009G)
史凡,男,硕士研究生,主要从事茶园有害生物生态调控。*通信作者:llchen@fafu.edu.cn
(责任编辑:赵锋)