校园：从修道院到都市村庄

安娜·德尔·莫纳科

1 制度、身份认同、规模

最近，在各类城市环境下设计校园和教育建筑作为一类设计专题表现出日渐回潮的趋势，为校园建筑如何为城市空间品质提升做出贡献，以及和建筑如何在社区中发挥作用带来了新的契机和新的意义。

融资平台出现债务急速膨胀、盈利能力微乎其微、资金运营缺乏效率，而部分平台尚未建立内审机构，未配备专职的内审人员，未建立起对潜在风险因素的识别、防范和控制。具体表现在：第一，未设内审机构，有的形式上设内审机构，未配备专职内审人员；第二，对于企业的偿债能力过于乐观，缺乏对偿债风险的考虑。融资平台资产负债率偏高、收益率偏低，仍不断借新债还旧债。第三，融资平台不重视企业的财务及经营分析，对于只需要通过简单分析就能发现、识别的风险，融资平台不理会，任其恶化发展。

根据一个国家所处不同历史时期、人口状况和所在城市基础设施建设情况的不同，其教育空间也表现出不同的维度和特点。

通常，建筑师会把学校建筑或大学校园的设计转译为一系列“组合”和“功能”的问题，这些问题涉及建筑环境或教学密度方面的许多挑战。尽管这类设计任务有助于改善城市区域的空间品质，然而，中小学校和高校校园设计仍然反映了教育机构的规划政策水平，而它们是国家未来发展的基础。因为这些校园建筑能为特定的城市社区带来身份认同，增加邻里社区设施数量，并让年轻人在体验高品质环境的过程中逐渐认识到建筑空间的重要意义。

正如最近的研究成果所显示的：“国际大学的背景正在形成多维度的创新动力……大学校园推动健康生活方式……鼓励包容性的环境，推动空间功能的专门化使用，加强归属感，强调如大学环境的心理和情绪感知等方面的特征。”[1]

然而，考虑到中国的中小学校园规模（通常由学生数量决定），比起中小学校园，其实与欧美国家的大学校园规模更具有可比性。因此，这篇短文将同时探讨西方国家的中小学校园和高校校园。无论如何，对这两类校园来说，相关教育空间标准的细节和建筑语汇的品质都值得进行饶有趣味的比较研究。

1 勒·柯布西耶设计巴黎大学宿舍单元平面和剖面，1925，引自《Oeuvres Complète, 1910-29》，以及位于弗洛伦萨加卢佐的埃玛河谷修道院Le Corbusier. Cité Universitaire, Paris,1925. Plan and section of cells. From Oeuvres Complète, 1910-29 and the Galuzzo Certosa near Florence

1 Institution, Identity, Scale

Designing school campuses and buildings for education, is recently making a comeback in various urban contexts as a design theme embodying new possibilities and meanings for the quality of urban space and the role of architecture for the community.

数据采用SPSS 23.0软件进行分析，符合正态性检验的计量资料以（均数±标准差）（x-±s）表示，组间比较采用t检验。所有统计学检验均为双侧检验，检验水准为α=0.05，以P＜O.05为差异有统计学意义。

Space for learning takes on different dimensions and characters depending on the historical moment and demographic condition of a country, and the degree of infrastructural development of the city in which it was built.

In general terms, school building or university campus design, are interpreted by architects as a sum of "compositional" and "functional" problems related to an architectural artifact, full of pedagogical challenges. Although it is a design task that could also contribute to improving the qualities of a specific urban area. Moreover, school and university design corresponds to the quality of the policies programmed for educational institutions which are fundamental for the future of a country: they could give identity to a specific urban community, to increase the facilities of a neighbourhood and to raise the awareness of the importance of the architectural space among the young generations experiencing high quality standard environments.

As it is stated by recent studies "The international university context is generating multiple dynamics of innovation […] campuses promote wellbeing […] inspire inclusive environments, promote an appropriation of the space, and reinforce a sense of belonging, emphasizing aspects such as the psychological and emotional perception of university environments".[1]

However, this short note will discuss both school campuses and university campuses in the western countries considering that the school campuses in China have dimensions (depending on the number of students) more comparable to the western university campuses than to the western school campuses.Nevertheless, the specificity of space educational standards and the qualities in architectural terms of both cases are interesting to be investigated comparatively.

2 As a Monastery

The first structured environment comparable to university campus in Europe, as we can learn from the literature, were monasteries settled either in the countryside or in the urban areas.

Monasteries hosting university residences – or more in general school environments – appeared in Bologna, Naples, Pavia, Turin, Oxford (UK) and Sorbone (France) from Middle Ages to Renaissance, and improved toward modern standards before and after the Enlightenment, from the Seventeen Century institutions run by Jesuits to Napoleon's École Normale Supérieure. Then, the well-known example of Thomas Jefferson University in Virgina (1819) became a fundamental example in the United States of America and an important reference, for the central hall of Tsinghua University Campus in Beijing designed by Henry Murphy with the support of the young Tsin Chuang.

汉斯·夏隆在德国吕嫩建设的泥灰岩学校（图3、4）——这所学校最近险遭拆除，并被改建为一所音乐学校[3]，在《建筑评论》杂志上重新发表——它采用了与在达姆施塔特学校（图5）类似的设计手法，自1950年代起，成为许多欧洲建筑师的重要设计参考。当时，尤其是在意大利和英国等国家，纷纷启动项目和设立公共机构来推动公立学校建筑的研究与建设。最近有一系列周年纪念文章让人们重新注意到夏隆设计的这座建筑，尤其是“其亲切宜人、氛围独特、自由流动的空间，由夏隆亲手缔造，并经一代代师生共同维护，传承至今”。在同一篇文章中，作者还提到了吕西安·克罗尔（设计了在法国东北部城市康布雷附近科德里新建的法国公立中学）[4]、京特·贝尼施（位于埃戈尔丁的中学，有4层通高中庭的大厅）以及彼得·许布纳（设计了默尔斯学校）等，这些建筑师继夏隆在学校建筑项目的实验性工作之后，开展了对高度集中式校园建筑的设计探索。

In fact, during one of his trips to Italy, in particular the one in 1907, the Swiss architect wrote to his parents that he had visited the Certosa and, after seeing the dwelling model of the monks, he had solved the design problem of the workers' housing he was dealing with. The monk's dwelling layout (or cella) is also a reference for the dwelling designed by Le Corbusier for the project La Cité Universitaire de Paris in 1925 (Fig. 1).

第二组用普通的模式,每天将婴儿带到专门设计的婴儿淋浴中心洗浴、消毒婴儿的脐带和对婴儿进行抚触。治疗室一块对婴儿进行注射疫苗。增加知识的基础是每天十分钟的录像和集体讲解。教育的内容与第一组相同。

There is a relevant aspect that cannot be overlooked. Sapienza, like many other universities around the world, including Tsinghua University Campus and several other Chinese historical campuses, is an urban university. This is a specificity and an important institutional character, which radically modifies the impact that a university campus can potentially establish with its urban quadrant, with respect to the objectives of urban development and urban regeneration, as they are meant today.

3.4 德国吕嫩泥灰岩学校，汉斯·夏隆设计，1950年代，引自《建筑评论》Marl School in Lünen by Hans Scharoun,1950s. From Architectural Review

5 达姆施塔特学校，引自参考文献[2]Scharoun Darmstadt. From Ref[2]

2 作为修道院

In Europe, the conception of the modern school space began during the Enlightenment with the theories of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Robert Owen and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. These ideas found continuity, about a century later, with the concept of "active school" of the American pedagogist John Dewey and the Italian Maria Montessori. For many schools built in the first half of the last century,the attempt was "reorganization of a social life having the school as its fulcrum" and "structural reform of the urban agglomeration"[2]. Before the Second World War, however, when many European cities were essentially "compact cities", in their grid fabric, schools were part of the urban fabric made up of blocks, not infrequently with an internal courtyard, and had a hierarchical or serial path within the system of façades along a street or on a public square. For this reason, even today, they present a certain degree of transformability.

这些通常包含大学宿舍的修道院——或者更笼统地说是校园环境——最早出现在中世纪到文艺复兴时期意大利的博洛尼亚、那不勒斯、帕维亚、都灵、英国牛津和法国索邦等城市，并在启蒙时期前后根据现代标准进行了翻新，其中包括了从17世纪耶稣会士的组织到拿破仑时期的巴黎高等师范学院。随后，位于美国弗吉尼亚州著名的托马斯·杰斐逊大学（1819）成为美国大学校园的示范标准，它同时也成为了亨利·墨菲在北京设计的清华大学大礼堂建筑的重要参考，年轻的建筑师庄俊当时协助了设计工作。

修道院的概念在很长一段时间内、甚至现在，仍然对教育建筑的设计具有客观的参考价值——即一个自给自足的乌托邦式空间（回廊），其中包含了一系列无论是在教学上还是空间上都具有积极意义的有组织空间，形成和保护了城乡间的文化。勒·柯布西耶在访问了位于佛罗伦萨附近的加卢佐的埃玛河谷修道院的情景就是这样。

实际上，在这位瑞士建筑师拜访意大利的最初几次旅程中，尤其是1907年那次，他写信给双亲，提到自己拜访了这座修道院，并在参观了僧侣们的居住模式后，解决了他当时正在研究的工人住宅设计问题。僧侣们的居住格局（或单人小室，图1）也为勒·柯布西耶在1925年为巴黎大学城做的宿舍设计提供了参考。

1930年代，在欧洲的一些首都城市新建大学校区作为对旧有大学机构的升级或扩建的做法并不罕见。1935年建设的罗马大学新校区（图2）就是其中一例，这所大学于1303年由教皇卜尼法斯三世创立，此后一直延续至今。新建校区的时期正值法西斯主义盛行，对比之下，人们当时格外注重教育体系的现代化。罗马大学历史上的各个总部及其位置一直与罗马城市空间的变迁息息相关。多年以来，罗马大学校区的功能缺陷决定了自从它首次坐落在特拉斯泰韦雷区之后，就必然不断经历搬迁、扩建和增设新校区。第一次搬迁到圣依华堂——一座位于文艺复兴大街上的教堂和修道院，以弗朗切斯科·博罗米尼为其设计的螺旋造型穹顶闻名于世；之后又搬到维米那勒山附近的区域；直到1930年代，马塞洛·皮亚琴蒂尼设计了大学城校区，其中的一些建筑单体由来自罗马和米兰的意大利顶级建筑师投入多年心血精心设计而成。直到最近，新建的大学城场地才在城市周边地区进行分散建设。

在这一过程中，有一个方面的因素不容忽视。罗马大学和全世界许多其他高校一样——包括清华大学校园和中国其他同样历史悠久的大学——是一所坐落在城市中的大学。这是一个显著的特点，也是重要的制度性特色，它剧烈地改变了大学校园通过它们在城市中所处的区域和对人们今天设想的城市发展与更新目标的充分尊重所能够形成的潜在影响。

3 打破“修道院”的壁垒

欧洲的现代学校空间理念肇始于启蒙时期，受到让·雅克·卢梭、罗伯特·欧文和约翰·亨里希·裴斯泰洛齐等学者提出理论的影响。将近100年后，这些理念在美国教育学家约翰·杜威和意大利的玛利亚·蒙台梭利提出的“积极学校”概念中得到了延续。对许多建立于20世纪前半叶的学校来说，这些概念意味着“让校园成为支点，重新组织社会生活”和“城市融合的结构性重组”的尝试[2]。然而，在第二次世界大战之前，许多欧洲城市在本质上是棋盘式路网结构的“紧凑城市”，而作为由这些街区构成的城市肌理的一部分，拥有内部庭院的学校并不少见；并且，它们也常常能在沿街或沿广场建筑立面形式的层级结构或序列体系中占有一席之地。正是出于这个原因，直至今日，这些校园建筑仍在某种程度上具有可适应性。

第二次世界大战结束后开始重建的同时，许多其他城市也开始向郊区蔓延，“开放学校”的宣传口号盛行一时。

6 布雷西亚学校，朱莉娅·德阿波罗尼亚设计，2020 Fermi Secondary School in Brescia by Giulia de Appolonia, 2020 http://www.deappolonia-arch.com/e-fermi-secondary-school

7 迪多纳托学校，奥古斯都·安东内利设计，1924-1928 Di Donato School by Augusto Antonelli,1924-1928 https://www.cielosopr-aesquilino.it

For a long time and till now, the idea of the monastery, meaning a utopian self-sufficient space(cloisters) hosting educational and spatial active institutional places, producing and preserving culture in urban and extra-urban locations, is considered valuable for architectural design. As it happened to Le Corbusier after his visit to the Certosa of Val d' Ema at Galluzzo near Florence.

半夜的时候，温简还没有睡着，顾青还在电脑前忙着工作。她看着他被汗湿透的身影，心里是铁马冰河的伤感。她可以为他倾尽所有，可以为他奋不顾身，但她却势单力薄，她不是那个可以拉他走出困境的人。原来，爱一个人，不是尽心尽力就已经足够，还需要生活，需要经济基础，这就是现实给爱情最残忍的难题。

3 Breaking the "Cloister" Walls' Limits

根据现有的文献记载，最早出现在欧洲地区且与大学校园类似的建筑环境是坐落在城市或乡间的修道院。

When reconstruction begins after World War II and many other European cities increase their suburbs, it was also time for the pedagogical slogans of the "open school".

Hans Scharoun's project of the Marl School in Lünen (Fig. 3-4) – recently rescued from demolition and transformed into a music school[3]and republished in an article in theArchitectural Review– not far from the design approach of the school in Darmstadt (Fig. 5) was a reference in the literature for many European designers from the mid-1950s onwards when, especially in countries such as Italy and Great Britain, programs and public agencies have been activated and established to study and build public school buildings. Recent anniversaries have brought attention to this building by Scharoun highlighting that"the intimacy, atmosphere and freedom of space which Scharoun created and which generations of pupils and staff have helped maintain, remain valid today". In the same article it is published Lucien Kroll (new Lycee at Caudry near Cambrai in north-east France),[4]Günter Behnisch (Secondary School Ergolding with quadruple-height assembly hall) and Peter Hübner (Moers School) continued in furrow of Scharoun's experimental lesson for the school building project, and they went on to design highly aggregated schools.

Other scholars[6]investigating the management of student residencies and university campuses have studied the efficiency of relevant example of diverse projects (mixing often student residencies and hotels)as the recovery of the former Hydric tower of Jagersborg in Denmark (2006, Fig. 18), the Residence UvADek of Amsterdam (2005, Fig. 19) including also mixed use functions, the residence Hof an der Saale in Germany (2005, Fig. 20), the Simmons Hall in Cambridge by Steven Holl (2002, Fig. 21), the Residence of Epinay-sur-Seine in France (2009, Fig. 22).

In general terms, it can be said that post-World War II schools' buildings tended to identify replicable"models" in different areas, on the basis of numerically expandable room-modules. This tendency recurs when there is an urgent need of housing or school buildings: design by catalogue. Many school buildings built in reinforced concrete for decades during the twentieth century are in degraded conditions today and interventions of demolition, recovery and transformation have begun – to mention one example the school by Giulia de Appolonia in Brescia (Fig. 6). There was also the experimental phase in prefabrication,which proceeded in parallel with buildings implemented for public housing during the seventies and that in Italy, for example, was considered a potential opportunity to enhance the construction industry in all its ordinary architectural application (housing, public buildings). While the school building constructed in more traditional techniques (masonry walls) are demonstrating more adaptability for new uses and building upgrades. The Di Donato school by the architect Augusto Antonelli (1885-1960), a "valiant" official of the Municipality of Rome, was considered an experiment beyond the idea of the school as barracks or as a hospital (Fig. 7). In fact, in line with the increasingly dynamic character of the urban environment and the evolution of social needs, the interest has been growing in the recent years for the construction or retrofitting of the old school campuses, especially the one which have demonstrated a significant resiliency in playing an important and multifunctional role for their neighbourhood: the possibility of using the building in the afternoon for collective purposes concerning the entire neighbourhood.

Recent examples wishing to interpret the design theme mentioning the "open school" are the three schools design in Tirana, under construction, by Stefano Boeri (Kodër-Kamëz School, Don Bosco School,Shqiponja School), a group of significant buildings with impact at an urban scale.

During 1930s it is not rare that the new university campuses were settled in the European capital cities as improvement or extensions of older universities institutions. This is what happened also to Sapienza new Campus in 1935 (Fig. 2), built during Fascism – a regimen particularly focused on the modernization of the educational system – while the university was already existing since 1303 funded by Pope Bonifacio VIII. The Sapienza University headquarters and locations have always been closely linked to the evolution of the city of Rome. Over the years, the functional insufficiency has determined the need for removals, expansions, increases, since the first ancient location in the Trastevere district,the first move to "Sant' Ivo alla Sapienza" – a Church and cloister in Corso del Rinascimento known for the spiral dome designed by Francesco Borromini, then in the Viminale hill area, up to the university city campus designed by Marcello Piacentini during the 1930s – with the involvement of the best Italian architects from Rome and Milan of those years for the single building design – up to the more recent times, with the new urban university poles located in scattered urban peripheral areas.

While the theme of the sustainable school, in recent times, has become fundamental in all geographical contexts (ecological materials, green and practicable roofs, emergency and climate change critical areas), both in Scandinavian countries and in Africa, India, Asia (Kéré Architecture, Sanjay Puri Architects, RUF Rural Urban Framework, etc…).

8 美国麻省理工学院贝克楼，阿尔瓦·阿尔托设计，1946 Baker House, by Alvar Aalto, 1946

9 乌尔比诺自由大学，贾恩卡洛·德卡洛设计，1962 Free University of Urbino by Giancarlo De Carlo, 1962 https://www.abitare.it/it/news/2015/04/27/;http://architectuul.com/architect/giancarlode-carlo

10 东安格利亚大学诺福克露台，丹尼斯·拉斯顿设计，1962 Norfolk Terrace by Denys Lasdun, 1962 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk

笼统地说，我们可以认为二战之后的校园建筑设计倾向于以可通过数学方法扩充的房间模数为基础，为不同的空间范围确立可重复出现的“模型”。这种趋势在住宅或学校建筑亟需进行某种设计的情况下重现——也就是类型学设计。许多建造于20世纪中叶的校园建筑采用钢筋混凝土材料作为立面，现在出现了不同程度的残损，因此拆除、修复或改建等干预手段开始出现，例如朱莉娅·德阿波罗尼亚在布雷西亚设计的学校 （图6）。当时也有推崇预制建筑的试验性阶段，这一潮流后来延续到1970年代的公共住宅设计时期。例如，意大利人就把它当作是他们在所有一般建筑实践领域中（住宅、公共建筑等）加强制造工业的潜在契机。与此同时，采用更传统技术（如砖石墙面）进行建设的校园建筑则显现出对新的使用功能和改造升级更为灵活的适应能力。由建筑师兼“勇敢的”罗马市政府官员奥古斯都·安东内利（1885-1960）设计的迪多纳托学校，就被视为超越了学校作为兵营或医院概念的实验性项目（图7）。实际上，伴随城市环境中出现越来越多的活跃特征和社会需求的变革，近年来对旧有校园进行建设或翻新重建的兴趣也日益增加，尤其是在那些已经展现出自身在社区内具有重要作用或多重角色方面很有韧性的校园——如出于全体社区居民的利益，有可能在下午把学校用作集体活动空间。

最近，还有些案例能阐释前文提到的“开放学校”的设计主题，其中包括斯特凡诺·博埃里在阿尔巴尼亚地拉那设计的3所学校：科德-卡姆兹学校、唐·博斯科学校和老鹰学校。

最近一段时期以来，可持续发展的校园建设主题在所有的地理背景下都已成为基础性要求（如使用生态材料、环保实用型屋顶、紧急避难和气候变化争议地区等），在斯堪的纳维亚地区和非洲、印度、亚洲等地都同样如此（凯雷建筑师事务所、桑贾伊·普里建筑师事务所、城乡框架事务所等）。

4 作为城市

纳入研究的疗程在2周～3个月，大多数研究集中在4周。其中，疗程2周1项（7.14%），4周10项（71.43%），8周2项（14.29%），12周1项（7.14%）。

与之相关的还有对全球范围内学生公寓（或学生住宅、宿舍、大规模学生住房等）开展的讨论。最近欧洲和国际上的学生公寓发展趋势得到了一些重要周刊杂志的关注和报道，如《卫报》早在2013年就有一篇由奥利弗·温赖特撰写的文章，“全球最佳学生公寓暨十大顶尖建筑项目——继最丑新建筑奖之后，位于伦敦北部卡利多尼安路的伦敦大学学院学生宿舍引发评论：‘评委极不情愿地发现它与人类的宜居要求相去甚远’。”“这里有10个来自全球各地的令人振奋的学生宿舍建筑作品，它们说明大学学生宿舍未必只能是局促无窗的陋室。”

11 美国哈佛大学皮博迪露台，约瑟·路易斯·泽特设计，1963 Peabody Terrace, Harvard by Josep Luís Sert, Cambridge, 1963 https://www. archdaily.com/486015/adclassics-peabody-terrace-sert-jacksonand-gourley

12 英国牛津大学弗洛里大楼，詹姆斯·斯特林设计，1966 Florey Building by James Stirling, Oxford,1966 https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?page=3&_=1646986453831&digigroup=386736

13 艾哈迈达巴德印度管理学院，路易·康设计，1963 Indian Institute of Management by Louis Kahn, 1963 https://www.archdaily.com/83697/adclassics-indian-institute-of-managementlouis-kahn

4 As a City

In recent years, analysts and real estate operators highlighted that Italian university students living in a student residence are about 3% compared to the European average, which corresponds to 18% (Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe, 2016-2018) of the total student population. The European trend of investment in the student residence sector is confirmed by post-pandemic data, despite the consequences of the pandemic event. The opportunity of the funds of the PNRR National Recovery and Resilience Plan allocates important funds to student residences that would allow to change the position of Italy in the lists of European countries that attract foreign students because of their high-quality university infrastructure.

世行：提高资本配置效率是中国可持续增长的关键。5月31日，世行发布《中国经济简报》称，中国当前投资水平和增速仍然偏高，中国在投资上面临的主要挑战是资本配置效率而不是绝对增速。预计近期有若干因素或导致经济增速放慢，贸易紧张局势加剧是威胁中国增长前景的主要风险之一。美国最近宣布的贸易措施的经济影响是可控的，但投资限制可能会造成较大影响。

It is relevant, discussing about the architectural quality student residences (or student housing,dorms, student residencies, massive student housing) around the world, that the latest European and international trend on student housing was also recorded by important weekly newspaper such as The Guardian, which, already in 2013, titled an article by Oliver Wainwright, The world's best student housing:the top 10 architecture projects: Following the disastrous Carbuncle Cup winner, UCL student housing on Caledonian Road, north London: "The jury struggled to see it as remotely fit for human habitation": "here are 10 inspiring student accommodation blocks from around the world – showing that uni digs don't have to be mean, windowless sheds".

坚持解放思想与实事求是相结合，是改革开放取得巨大成就的一个根本方法。“改革开放的过程就是思想解放的过程。没有思想大解放，就不会有改革大突破。解放思想不是脱离国情的异想天开，也不是闭门造车的主观想象，更不是毫无章法的莽撞蛮干。解放思想的目的在于更好实事求是。要坚持解放思想和实事求是的有机统一，一切从国情出发、从实际出发。”[11]

The selection proposed by the English magazine, listed below, is interesting especially from the point of view of the morphological reading of the urban layout of the campuses selected (in addition to the analysis of the typical rooms). They are mostly the university campuses listed in the qualified architectural history book reviews and correspond to the idea of city mostly diffused in the years corresponding to the projects' construction: corridor building, tower buildings combined with clusters, terraced buildings, small residential buildings, urban or suburban location: Baker House, MIT, Cambridge, by Alvar Aalto, USA,1946 (Fig. 8); Free University of Urbino, by Giancarlo de Carlo, Italy, 1962 (Fig. 9); Norfolk Terrace, UEA,by Denys Lasdun, Norwich, UK, 1962 (Fig. 10); Peabody Terrace, Harvard, by Josep Luís Sert, Cambridge,1963 (Fig. 11); Florey Building, Oxford, by James Stirling, Oxford, UK, 1966 (Fig. 12); Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, by Louis Kahn, 1963 (Fig. 13); Casa dell'Accademia, Mendrisio, by Könz-Molo,1998 (Fig. 14); Tietgen Student Halls, Ørestad, by Lundgaard & Tranberg, 2006 (Fig. 15); Varaždin, Croatia,SANGRAD+AVP architects, 2017 (Fig. 16); Tenaya Towers UC, Santa Barbara, California, UCSB San Joaquin Villages by SOM, 2019 (Fig. 17). In the case of the projects carried out in recent years, however,the interventions inserted in the context of urban regeneration paths was prevalent: transforming existing buildings and neighbourhoods. Then, the analysis of the typical room within the whole architectural design is a relevant element to be considered; scrolling the most recent international literature, it is evident that the typical student room (or combination of rooms) have become more articulated and varied, compared to Alvar Alto's project for Baker House at MIT – due to, perhaps, more general changes in lifestyles, the coexistence of different ethnic groups on campuses, and financial availability[5].

14 蒙特利索学院大楼，康茨-莫洛建筑事务所设计，1998 Casa dell' Accademia, Mendrisio, by Könz-Molo, 1998 https://www.swiss-architects.com

15 蒂根学生大楼，伦加德和特兰贝里事务所设计，2006 Tietgen Student Halls by Lundgaard &Tranberg, 2006

16 克罗地亚瓦拉日丁学校，桑格拉德和AVP建筑师事务所设计，2017 Varaždin, Croatia by SANGRAD+AVP architects, 2017 https://www.archdaily.com/963280/campus-varazdin-student-dormitorysangrad-plus-avp-architects

17 美国加州大学圣芭芭拉分校圣华金村，SOM设计，2019 UCSB San Joaquin Villages by SOM,2019 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/06/06/tenaya-towers-california-universityuscb-som

这份英国报刊在文后罗列的项目颇耐人寻味，尤其是从解读城市设计平面形态学的角度（以及对典型房间的分析）来看。这些项目大部分涵盖了合格的建筑史论著书评都会列入的大学校园建筑，其建筑设计也回应了这些年来发展出的城市理念——包括环廊和塔楼，加上成组的阶梯式建筑和小型公寓建筑，并且位于城市或城郊区域。例如，阿尔瓦·阿尔托于1946年为美国麻省理工学院设计的贝克楼（图8）、贾恩卡洛·德卡洛于1962年在意大利设计的乌尔比诺自由大学（图9）、丹尼斯·拉斯顿于1962年在英国诺威奇设计的东安格利亚大学诺福克露台（图10）、约瑟·路易斯·泽特于1963年为美国哈佛大学设计的公寓楼皮博迪露台（图11）、詹姆斯·斯特林于1966年在英国牛津大学设计的弗洛里大楼（图12）、路易·康于1963年在艾哈迈达巴德设计的印度管理学院（图13）、康茨-莫洛建筑事务所于1988年在瑞士蒙特利索市设计的学院大楼（图14）、伦加德和特兰贝里建筑师事务所于2006年在丹麦奥雷斯塔德设计的蒂根学生大楼（图15）、桑格拉德和AVP建筑师事务所于2017年在克罗地亚瓦拉日丁设计的学校（图16）、SOM于2019年在美国加州大学圣芭芭拉分校圣华金村设计的可容纳350位学生的特纳亚塔（图17）等。而在更近几年的案例中则流行在城市更新路径的背景下加入干预手段的设计——即对现有建筑和街区的改造。于是，在整个建筑设计中对特定功能房间的分析成为密切相关的考虑因素；通过浏览最近的国际文献发现，相比起阿尔瓦·阿尔托为美国麻省理工学院设计的贝克楼，典型学生单间（或单间组合）的设计已经明显得到了更为充分的表达和呈现出更多样化的状态。这可能是由于更广泛意义上的生活方式变化、不同种族在大学校园内和睦相处，以及经济适用要求等因素导致的[5]。

统计学处理 连续变量以中位数(四分位间距)表示；分类变量以例数(百分比)表示。各组比较采用Wilcoxon’s秩和检验(连续变量)和卡方检验(分类变量)。使用Logistic回归分析寻找发生夜间睡眠中重度低氧(minSaO2<85%)的相关因素。多元统计模型中调整的变量包括年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、肾功能不全和吸烟史。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件包进行统计学分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

其他调查学生公寓和大学校园管理模式的学者[6]则研究了各种相关案例的有效性（这些项目通常会与学生公寓和酒店结合），如丹麦雅阁斯堡的水塔改造（2006，图18）、荷兰阿姆斯特丹包含其他功能在内的UvA-Dek公寓（2005，图19）、德国霍夫市的公寓（2005，图20）、斯蒂芬·霍尔在英国剑桥设计的西蒙宿舍楼（2002，图21）以及法国塞纳河畔埃皮奈公寓（2009，图22）等。

对1960-1970年代建设的学生宿舍进行传统文献研究表明，那些校园设计和当时主导的城市理念有密切关联，尤其是在文化领域，由此形成了最先进的建筑类型学与居住模式实验密不可分的城市文化理念。欧洲的这些设计实验也同样蔓延到了地中海地区和泛地中海地区，通过一些罗马建筑学院大师在西班牙南部、意大利南部和非洲国家设计的项目可见一斑。

奇罗·奇孔切利和路易吉· 佩莱格林曾对意大利教育建筑建设做出了巨大贡献，他们在1969年又为巴塞罗那自治大学的设计竞赛提交了一项非常有意义的作品（图23）。卢乔·巴尔贝拉在1972年也赢得了利比亚塞卜哈校园设计竞赛的大奖（项目中标，但由于政治局势不稳定而未能建成，图24）。其建筑类型学的设计方案部分来源于他本人在意大利波滕扎设计的巴西利卡塔大学新中央办公楼，于1990年建成（图25）。这所巴西利卡塔大学建筑采用了“脊柱系统”，由大楼—廊桥按一定模数有节奏地排列组成一整套步行系统，整体跨越山谷，衔接历史城区和距离最近的服务设施；建筑可以从屋顶上的展廊空间进入其中，设计受到古罗马宫殿地道的启发，作为对其重新转译的现代变奏形式，把大学的校园建筑作为对城市进行干预和地域重组的间接解决方案。卢多维科·夸罗尼和萨尔瓦托雷·迪耶尔纳于1973年设计了位于索马里摩加迪沙的大学校园（图26），在最后一年也仅仅完成了其中部分内容的规划。这些对城市空间进行干预的设计手法都属于二战之后在欧洲南部地区和非洲国家开展的有效方法和政策。

近年来，有分析师和房地产商强调指出，在意大利大约只有3%的大学生住在学生公寓内，作为对比，欧洲的平均水平则高达18%（2016-2018）。尽管受到新冠疫情影响，对学生公寓进行投资的趋势也仍然为后疫情调查数据所证实。国家复苏基金的启动为学生公寓的建设提供了重要的资金帮助，让意大利能够改善其学生公寓状况在欧洲国家中的排名，以便通过高品质的大学基础设施吸引外国学生。

5 作为城市中的修道院

最近几十年以来还有一种趋势，尤其是在美国，即建设以创新目标为明确特征的研究中心，尤其是高科技的“主题校园”。它们通常以帮助某些社区城市更新为目标。例如，康奈尔科技校区就在纽约罗斯福岛上新建了一座科技校园建筑。新校区为了最大限度地有效利用能源，采用了许多绿色建筑设计策略。墨菲西斯建筑师事务所的总建筑师翁珠·斯科特·李形容这个项目突出了建筑综合体的高性能品质，尤其是在热工耗能方面：“通过团队合作设计与研究，我们形成了多种因地制宜的策略……它符合当代绿色建筑设计的关键标准，并克服了传统建筑实践的诸多挑战。”

18 水塔改造，2009 Vandtårn ved jægersborg station, 2009

19 UvA-Dek公寓，2002 Residence UvA-Dek of Amsterdam, 2002 https://www.felixclaus.com/en/projects/student-housing-amsterdam/

20 德国霍夫市学生公寓Student Residence, Hof an der Saale in Germany https://www.bez-kock.de/en/projects/40/student-residence-at-saalepark-hof-2004

21 剑桥大学西蒙宿舍楼，斯蒂芬·霍尔设计，2002 Simmons Hall in Cambridge by Steven Holl, 2002 https://architizer.com/projects/mitsimmons-hall/

22 法国埃皮奈学生公寓，2004 Student Housing, Epinay-sur-Seine in France, 2004 https://www.archdaily.com/28390/student-housing-in-epinay-ecdm

23 巴塞罗那自治大学竞赛方案，奇罗·奇孔切利与路易吉·佩莱格林设计，1969 University of Barcellona Competition Project by Ciro Cicconcelli & Luigi Pellegrin, 1969

另一个通过大学校园干预城市更新的重要项目是坐落于曼哈顿地区、由伦佐·皮亚诺在哈莱姆区设计的哥伦比亚大学新校园曼哈顿维尔校区（2016，图27）。这是一个城市尺度的更新项目，其中包含若干新的研究大楼和基础设施的建设。

现阶段，我国的光伏发电在农村已得到了部分利用，但尚未普及；而在城市内几乎不见开发利用。经过对石家庄本地市场调查，进行对于安装成本和成本回收周期的估算，可以略窥其一二。

The traditional literature on student residences built during the 1960s and 1970s demonstrate the strong nexus between the campus design and the idea of cities dominating in those years in a specific cultural area producing ideas on the urban culture intertwined with the most advanced experiments on typology and dwelling. These European experiments were also tested in the Mediterranean and in the extended Mediterranean as it is evident in the projects designed for Southern Spain and Southern Italy and for African Countries by some masters of the Roman School of Architecture.

In 1969, Ciro Cicconcelli and Luigi Pellegrin, in addition to their very important contribution to Italian school buildings construction, presented to a very interesting project for the design competition of the Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona (Fig. 23). Lucio Barbera also won the competition for the Sebha Campus (Fig. 24) in Libya in 1972 (the contract was won, but not realized due to political instability) whose typological schemes are partly drawn for those of the new central offices of the University of Basilicata in Potenza, designed and realized by the same author, in 1990 (Fig. 25). The University of Basilicata building is a "spinal system" of buildings-bridges rhythmically-metrically marked, which in the design intentions should have crossed the valley with the intent to connect pedestrianly the historic city and the most recent services, entering from the roof a space-gallery, reinterpreted as a modern variant and inspired by the cryptoporticus of the Roman imperial palaces, placing the university building as an indirect solution for an intervention of urban and territorial reorganization. In 1973, Ludovico Quaroni and Salvatore Dierna designed a university campus in Mogadiscio, in Somalia (Fig. 26), which during the last year, only partially,planning important variations. These interventions were part of qualified post-WWII development and cooperation policies and interventions in the Southern Europe and in African countries.

24 利比亚塞卜哈校园，路易吉·佩莱格林设计，1972，竞赛获胜方案University of Sebha, Lybia by Lucio Barbera, Winning Competition project,1972

25 巴西利卡塔大学新中央办公楼，卢乔·巴尔贝拉设计，1990 Università di Basilicatxwxa, Potenza by Lucio Barbera, 1990

26 索马里摩加迪沙大学校园，卢多维科·夸罗尼与萨尔瓦托雷·迪耶尔纳设计，1973，引自《卢多维科·夸罗尼，五十年来的建筑，甘杰米》（1985）University of Mogadiscio by Ludovico Quaroni & Salvatore Dierna, 1973, From Antonino Terranova, Ludovico Quaroni.Architetture per cinquant'anni, Gangemi,1985

27 哥伦比亚大学新校园曼哈顿维尔校区，伦佐·皮亚诺设计，2002-2007 New Campus of Columbia University by Renzo Piano, 2002-2007 http://www.rpbw.com/project/columbiauniversity-campus-plan

28 复旦布达佩斯大学，2014至今Fudan Budapest University, 2014-now https://thebudapester.hu/bp/a-fudan-egyetem-es-a-diakvaros-is-megepulhet-a-deli-varoskapu-elyszinen

29 特斯联科技集团，BIG设计，2020Terminous Group by BIG, 2020https://www.archdaily.com/948764/big-designs-ai-city-an-innovation-campus-hosting-headquarters-of-tech-firm-in-chongqing-china

30 罗马大学“礼堂”，卢乔·巴尔贝拉设计，2021，为居民、学习和文艺活动而设置的学术中心Studanteum by Lucio Barbera, 2021,Project of an "Academic center for residency,study and cultural and artistic events"

如果在全球范围内回顾研究中心和大学建设，还有一类相关案例就是像中国这样的国家在过去几十年内、向研究领域投入了大量的资金，其中就包括建设海外联合校区的项目。在此类联合体大学中值得提到的项目包括复旦布达佩斯大学（图28）——据估计，它可能是中国在海外建设的最大规模的高等学校，位于匈牙利布达佩斯，能容纳6000名学生，其中来自匈牙利、中国和其他国家的学生各占约1/3。这个项目属于布达佩斯南大门总体规划的一部分，总规于2018年由挪威斯诺赫塔建筑师事务所设计，由于疫情影响放缓了建设速度。复旦布达佩斯大学项目将建设成为一座由普通建筑、而非绿色数字建筑综合体组成的新社区，同时具有生态可持续性，与之类似的是BIG建筑师事务所的比亚克·英厄尔斯在作为人工智能城市的重庆为特斯联科技集团设计的项目（图29）。

现阶段的经济发展，一个国家或者地区很难独立在全球一体化经济体系之外。这就决定了国内经济对于国际经济环境的高度依赖。这一规律在世界范围内的任何国家都比较适用。这也就决定了国际财经合作具有一定的必然性。我国也并不例外，从改革开放初期对于外资的需求到近年来中国资本的对外输出与企业的并购都是在不断的将我国经济纳入到世界经济一体化体系中去的过程。为此，新形势下国际财经合作对于我国的作用是十分重要的，具体而言则分为如下五个重要方面：

最后，罗马大学在2021年纪念但丁·阿利吉耶里逝世700周年时提出了一个研究性项目。它由卢乔·巴尔贝拉设计，名为“礼堂”，是一处同时容纳了公寓和研究室的罗马大学学术中心，将在全球每座城市进行建设。建筑将在其中对我们伟大诗人但丁的作品进行展示纪念，用钢结构和光影共同形成一盏灯的形式，象征祝福之环围绕着最高智慧的景象。新项目的底座采用充满动感的金色螺旋样式，和朱塞佩·特拉尼在其著名的但丁纪念堂（1983）中设计的一样。这个建筑可以根据不同城市地段的条件进行调整，改变尺寸（图30）。

过了夜，日本宪兵在门外轻轻敲门，走进来的，看样像个中国人，他的长靴染了湿淋的露水，从口袋取出手巾，摆出泰然的样子坐在炕沿慢慢擦他的靴子，访问就在这时开始：

据工信部安排，目前已有多家化肥生产企业参与产品追溯体系建设试点。2018年4月19日，全国化肥电子防伪追溯体系服务平台正式上线，已具备企业接入条件。试点的顺利推进及全行业的推广亟需《化肥追溯体系规范》标准作为准则和指导。

在未来，我们都将面临新的契机和挑战，以形成满足未来要求的高品质学习环境。□

5 As a Monasteries in the City

The trend in recent decades, especially in the United States of America, is to create research centres explicitly characterized by innovative objectives, especially high-tech "theme campuses", built in urban areas, with the aim of contributing to the regeneration of certain neighbourhoods. For example, Cornell Tech has opened a technological campus building on a lot on Roosevelt Island in New York. The new campus leverages a number of green building strategies to maximize energy efficiency. Ung-Joo Scott Lee, principal architect of Morphosis Architects, describes the project, highlighting the performance qualities of the complex, especially in terms of energy consumption: "Through our team's collaborative design and research, we developed multiple site-specific strategies […] addressing key criteria in the design of modern green buildings and overcoming the challenges of traditional construction practices."

Another significant intervention of urban regeneration in Manhattan, through the university campuses, is represented by the project of New Campus of Columbia University designed by Renzo Piano in Harlem, the Manhattanville Campus (2016, Fig. 27), an intervention conceived as an urban regeneration project at urban scale, including the construction of new research buildings and infrastructures.

Another relevant case, if we think about research and university centres around the world, is represented by the strong investment in research that countries like China have implemented in the last decades, including the initiatives to create joint campuses abroad. This is the case, among the several consortia which could be mentioned, of Fudan Budapest University (Fig. 28), estimated to be the largest Chinese university outside China, to be located in Budapest – 6000 students: 1/3 Hungarian, 1/3 Chinese and 1/3 from another country – a project slowed down by the pandemic conceived within the Budapest South Gate Master plan designed in 2018 by Snøhetta, the Norway architectural firm. The project is intended as a new neighbourhood, ecologically sustainable, composed by ordinary buildings, rather than a green and digital complex building, like the project proposed by Bjarke Ingels for Terminous group in Chongqing, as the AI City (Fig. 29).

地域性：裕固族人多居草原、高山，生产力水平不高，交通不便利，信息闭塞，受此影响，孕育出来的体育文化，必然带有很强的地域性。裕固族的游牧生活，精骑善射，从而形成了以骑射为特点的赛马、赛骆驼等传统体育项目。

Finally, in 2021, Sapienza University of Rome, celebrating the 700 anniversaries of the death of Dante Alighieri, has proposed a research project, designed by Lucio Barbera, called Studanteum, an academic centre of residence and study of Sapienza, to be built in every city in the world. In it will be presented the memory of the work of Dante, our great poet, both by drawing a Lampa in steel and light from the image of the circles of the blessed around the supreme wisdom, and by basing the new project on the dynamic use of the golden spiral that Giuseppe Terragni used in his famous Danteum (1938). The project is scalable; it can be adapted to different urban lots (Fig. 30).

New opportunities and challenges will be open in the near future, to shape the quality of the future learning environments.□