动词不定式用法聚焦

陈晓炜

动词不定式的基本形式是to do，它的否定式是在to前面加not，即not to do。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此可以在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和状语等。具体见下面：

一、动词不定式作宾语

1. 动词plan、hope、decide、refuse、want、help等后常接动词不定式作宾语。例如：

Eric hopes to get together with his family soon. 埃里克希望不久能和他的家人团聚。

Mrs Green refuses to eat sweet food， because she doesn’t want to get fat.

格林夫人拒绝吃甜食，因为她不想变胖。

2. 动词不定式可以和what、which、how、when、where等疑问词连用，构成“疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构，作动词或介词的宾语。例如：

The restaurant has so many dishes that I can’t decide what to eat.

这个饭馆有如此多的菜品以至于我不能决定吃什么。

Do you know how to make a banana milk shake？ 你知道怎样做香蕉奶昔吗？

3. 在“find / think / feel / believe / make + it + 形容词 + 动词不定式结构”中，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词不定式。例如：

The new teacher finds it hard to teach the students.

這个新来的老师感到教学生很难。

The internet makes it possible for quite a few people to work at home.

因特网使不少人在家办公成为可能。

二、动词不定式作宾语补足语

1. 动词ask、teach、tell、advise、invite等后常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如：

Can you teach me to do Chinese kung fu？ 你能教我练中国功夫吗？

The doctor advised my grandmother to go for a walk every afternoon.

医生建议我奶奶每天下午散步。

2. 使役动词（如let、make、have等）或感官动词（如see、hear、watch、feel等）后面常接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如：

Mr Zhang often makes his son do some dishes. 张先生经常让他的儿子洗餐具。

Did you hear your parents go out just now？ 刚才你听到你的父母出去了吗？

I often watch the kids play soccer on the playground.

我经常在操场上看孩子们踢足球。

注意：help后的动词不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。例如：

Shirley helped （to） get ready for the party. 雪莉帮助筹备了这次聚会。

Could you help me （to） buy a pair of gloves？ 你能帮我买一副手套吗？

三、动词不定式作状语

动词不定式可以在句中作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。例如：

Tom opened the door to let in some fresh air. 汤姆打开门，让新鲜空气进来。

The boy is old enough to take care of himself.

这个男孩足够大，可以自己照顾自己了。

I was very surprised to see a gift box on my desk this morning.

今天早上我看到课桌上的礼盒感到很惊奇。

【真题回放】

1. （2021·重庆A卷）The villagers plan a new bridge over the river.

A. build B. building C. to build D. built

【答案与解析】C. 句意：村民们计划在这条河上建造一座新桥。plan to do sth意为“计划做某事”，动词不定式作宾语。故选C。

2. （2021·辽宁·丹东） Turn the world into a big family， and we’ll make people’s wish  true earlier.

A. comes B. will come C. come D. to come

【答案与解析】C. 句意：把世界变成一个大家庭，并且我们可以让人们的愿望早点实现。make sb do sth意为“让/使某人做某事”，make后要接不带to的动词不定式。故选C。

3. （2021·江苏·扬州） In many countries， people put their fingers up to their mouths  silence.

A. ask for B. asking for C. to ask for D. asked for

【答案与解析】C. 句意：在许多国家，人们将手指放到嘴边要求保持沉默。本题考查动词不定式作目的状语。故选C。

【即时演练】

一、用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. Mr King doesn’t know how    （repair） this computer.

2. Would you like    （come） to my birthday party tonight？

3. He stayed at the school    （clean）up the classroom.

4. After two hours’ drive， he decided    （stop） and have a good rest.

5. Please let me    （know） if you need any help.

6. Tina finds it difficult    （understand） the article about space.

7. Do you often help your parents    （do） housework？

8. I saw Linda    （walk） into the coffee shop just now.

9. I’m thinking about doing what I can    （help） the homeless.

10. Don’t forget ______ （call） Mrs Black up in the afternoon.

二、單项选择。

1. —Do you have any plans for the coming vacation？

—Yes. We decide ______ Kunming.

A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited

2. Don’t make him ______ too much housework. After all， he is very young.

A. do B. doing C. to do D. does

3. Don’t worry. We will do what we can ______ your boy.

A. save B. to save C. saving D. to saving

4. My mother always tells me ______ too much junk food because it is bad for my health.

A. to eat B. not eat C. not to eat D. to not eat

Keys： 一、1. to repair 2. to come 3. to clean 4. to stop 5. know 6. to understand 7. （to） do 8. walk 9. to help 10. to call

二、1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C