Research Progress on Genetic Diversity of Snap Bean

Hongbo GUAN Shuliang CHEN Chenglin E Xishan WANG Jing XIAO

(Phaseolus vulgaris) Germplasm Resources in China

Abstract In this paper， we reviewed the classification， genetic diversity and planting and application of snap bean （Phaseolus vulgaris） germplasm resources in China at the present stage were， analyzed the bottleneck of snap bean research in China， and prospected the development trend of snap bean germplasm research in the future. In the opportunity of the completion of the whole genome sequencing of kidney bean and the construction of high-density genetic map， it is necessary to strengthen the application of ISSR， SNP and other molecular methods and high-throughput proteomics to the study on the specific breeding of snap bean.

Key words Snap bean; Germplasm resources; Genetic diversity

Received： October 16， 2021   Accepted： December 18， 2021

Supported by Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Program： International Science and Technology Cooperation （20200801075GH）; Jilin Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project （CXGC2021ZY101）.

Hongbo GUAN （1969-）， male， P. R. China， professional title assistant researcher， devoted to research about vegetable cultivation and breeding.

*Corresponding author. E-mail：15614180504@163.com.

Snap bean （Phaseolus vulgaris） is a special type of kidney bean， mainly distributed in northeastern of China[1-2]， mainly for edible tender pods. This type of vegetable product has the excellent characteristics of kidney beans with thick pods， less fibrosis， easy softening when stewed and fried， unique flavor， and soft and tender taste after cooking， and the surface of the pods is oily when cooked[3]. In this paper， the research results of the genetic diversity of snap bean germplasm resources were reviewed， and the problems and development directions that may be encountered in the field of snap bean research in the future were briefly discussed.

Snap Bean Germplasm Resources

Snap bean plants are trailing. Their corollas are purple， red， yellow and white， and the pods are flat or slightly raised and strip-shaped， and have or have no luster. The tender pods are green， and there are very few fibers in the pod wall. The pods have no stitches， and are soft after cooking[4]. Among the 688 common bean resources in Heilongjiang Province， 191 meet the standard of snap bean， accounting for 27.8% of the total[5]. The representative varieties are： Xiaoheihua Youdou， Shangzhi Dayoudou， Damazhang， Yushu Youdou， Zihua Youdou， Juxing Youdou， Jiangdongkuan， Dahongpao， Dazipao， Wuchang Youdou， Dayoudou， Heiyoudou， Baijia Youdou， etc.[6-9]. With the continuous introduction of snap bean germplasm resources， they have gradually increased from scratch， and now they have begun to take shape. After a lot of collection and sorting， a batch of available snap bean resource materials has been screened out， providing basic conditions and strong data for the breeding of this kind of high-quality common kidney bean—snap bean.

Classification of Snap Bean Germplasm Resources

According to the cultivation method and maturity， the snap bean resources have been preliminarily classified.

Classification by cultivation method

Resource materials suitable for spring cultivation in protected areas

Varieties suitable for cultivation in protected areas in spring should be those that are resistant to low temperature and can tolerate insufficient light， and their branching ability should not be too strong， while the resource materials such as Long Youdou， Zihua Youdou， Jiangjun Youdou， Yidianhong and Wuchang Youdou have these characteristics and are suitable for spring cultivation in protected areas.

Resource materials suitable for autumn cultivation in protected areas

Varieties suitable for cultivation in autumn protected areas should be selected with strong plant growth ability， excellent disease resistance and stress resistance. Yikeshu， Long Youdou No.3， Yushu Youdou， Wuchang Youdou and other resource material plants have strong growth potential and are suitable for cultivation in protected areas in autumn.

Resource materials suitable for open field cultivation

Resource materials such as Yiliwang， Long Youdou No.2， Longyan Youdou， Jiaquedan Liangqiujia Youdou， Damazhang and Yapoche have the characteristics of strong plant growth， strong disease resistance and stress resistance， and are suitable for open field cultivation.

Classification by maturity

Early-maturing snap bean

The growth period of early-maturing snap bean is less than 50 d[8]. The corollas are mainly light purple， and most of the pods are short. The plant has relatively weak growth potential and branching ability， and the disease resistance of the varieties is not strong. The main representative varieties are Zihua Youdou， Longyan Youdou， Xiaoheihua Youdou， Yiliwang， Jiangjun Youdou， Heizhenzhu Youdou， Huapimao Youdou.

Medium-maturing snap bean

The growth period of medium-maturing snap bean is 50-60 d. The color of corollas is mainly purple and red. The pods are 15-18 cm long and 2.0-2.5 cm wide. The growth potential of the plants is stronger than that of early-maturing varieties， but the branching ability is weaker. The disease resistance and stress resistance of the varieties are slightly stronger than those of the early-maturing varieties. The main representative varieties are Guanjun Youdou， Wuchang Youdou， Jiaquedan， Damazhang， Jiuyue Youdou and Sandaomei[7].

Late-maturing snap bean

The growth period of late-maturing varieties is more than 60 d， and they can be harvested without frost. The pods are more than 18 cm long and 2.5-3.2 cm wide. The color of corollas is mainly white. The plants have stronger branch ability， and the disease resistance is stronger than that of the early-maturing and middle-maturing varieties[4]. The main representative varieties are Jiangdongkuan， Yikeshu， Yushu Youdou， Huashengmi Youdou， Yatajia， Hongjiaquedan， juxing youdou， and Sanbanjin.

Study on Genetic Diversity of Snap Bean Germplasm Resources

Genetic diversity refers to the sum of the genetic information carried by all living things on earth. It is an important part of biological diversity. The genetic diversity generally refers to the genetic diversity within a species， that is， the sum of the genetic variation between individuals within a species or among different individuals within a population. Both ecological diversity and species diversity are constrained by genetic diversity to a certain extent[10-11]. Studying the genetic diversity of snap bean germplasm resources can allow breeding researchers to grasp the origin， development and spread of snap bean germplasm resources， and also allow people to deeply understand the evolution process of snap bean， which lays a solid foundation for the origin and evolution of snap bean germplasm resources， and helps to achieve the purpose of providing basic data for the genetic breeding of snap bean[9]. In recent years， with the development of molecular biology and genetics， the research methods of genetic diversity have been continuously improved. However， qualitative and quantitative traits： plant height， number of branches， pod width， flower color， yield， disease resistance and other morphological indicators， which are easy to measure and observe， and are used by many researchers， thus laying a foundation for the study of genetic variation. Horticultural breeding researchers generally rely on morphological markers to identify vegetable germplasm resources and screen breeding parents[12]. Zhang et al.[13] studied the growth habits of snap bean such as plant height and pod length， and found that pod length and pod width， plant height and number of seeds per plant， and pod length and pod thickness， were significantly positively correlated. Therefore， resources with high plant height， number of seeds per plant， and number of pods per plant should be screened out as parents to increase the yield of snap bean. Moreover， in order to improve the yield of pods per plant of snap bean， it is necessary to focus on the screening of these characters in mutant populations.

DNA molecular marker technology is a kind of genetic marker technology developed in the 1980s， as well as a new technology that emerged under the rapid development of modern molecular biology technology. Especially in molecular breeding， in order to quickly and accurately mark the genetic composition of plants from genotypes， DNA molecular marker technology can be used. Therefore， this technology has been effectively used in the research on the innovation of snap bean germplasm resources and the breeding of high-quality disease resistance. Zhang et al.[14] used SSR primers to analyze the genetic diversity of snap bean， and the results of cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationship between domestic and foreign snap bean was closer than the genetic relationship between the two and wild snap bean. In recent years， ISSR markers have also been used in kidney bean research[15]. Yang et al.[16-17] used ISSR markers to study the genetic diversity of 36 common snap bean varieties in Jilin Province， and screened three specific primers. Feng et al.[18] screened out one material with high resistance to Fusarium Wilt. It was screened by inoculating snap bean with Fusarium Wilt to seedling hypocotyls of snap bean germplasm resource materials as materials by the double-hole injection method.

Existing Problems and Development Trends

In China， due to the destruction of the natural ecological environment and the simplification of people’s demand for snap bean， there are only a few snap bean varieties that are mainly cultivated in Northeast China， and many of the genetic resources of snap bean have not been preserved or are rarely preserved. Therefore， it is necessary to study the protection methods， so as to preserve their important genetic resources， master their genetic basis， establish the genetic relationship between germplasm resources， and lay a genetic foundation for genetic breeding.

At present， the research work on snap bean germplasms in China mainly focuses on the research of genetic diversity at the morphological and molecular levels， but due to the small number of new molecular markers such as SSR and SNP in snap bean， the further development of molecular detection and molecular marker-assisted breeding is limited. In recent years， proteomics has also been applied in genetic diversity[19]， drought stress[20] and cold stress[21] of snap bean. In the future， on the basis of the completion of the whole-genome sequencing of common kidney bean， it will be possible to construct a high-density genetic map of snap bean and apply high-throughput proteomics， and then the purpose of molecular breeding can be achieved through the realization of large-scale development and utilization of snap bean specific molecular markers.

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Editor： Yingzhi GUANG  Proofreader： Xinxiu ZHU