郭旭,杨清竹,2,杨钰基,卢泽梅,孟令雪,张伟伟,2,邵淑丽,2
雷公藤红素对肿瘤的抑制机制
郭旭1,杨清竹1,2,杨钰基1,卢泽梅1,孟令雪1,张伟伟1,2,邵淑丽1,2
(齐齐哈尔大学 1. 生命科学与农林学院,2. 抗性基因工程与寒地生物多样性保护黑龙江省重点实验室,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔 161006)
围绕雷公藤红素抑制肿瘤细胞生长的调控机制,探讨了现代医学对其加工和应用成果.研究表明,雷公藤红素通过对多种癌细胞增殖、转移、侵袭、血管生成通路的抑制来发挥其抗肿瘤活性,并能够提升癌细胞的化疗敏感性.雷公藤红素是一种有待更深入开发和研究,揭露其具体抗肿瘤作用方式,研究其潜在毒性,开发新的临床转化方法的重要植物提取物.
雷公藤红素;癌症治疗;分子靶标;细胞死亡
雷公藤(Hook. f.)是一种卫矛科雷公藤属植物,也是我国传统的中药材之一,常用于治疗类风湿性关节炎、肾病综合征、系统性红斑狼疮,并被广泛用作民间药物.植物化学研究已在该属中发现了500多种次生代谢物,包括5种主要类型:倍半萜类、二萜类、三萜类、黄酮类、木脂素[1-6].雷公藤红素是从雷公藤根皮部提取的一种醌甲氧基三萜化合物[1]4759.近年来,越来越多的报道显示雷公藤红素在体内和体外对多种癌细胞模型具有抗肿瘤活性,其中包括胃癌[7]10296、肝癌[8-9]、肾癌[10]、非小细胞肺癌[11]4546、结肠癌[12]、胶质瘤[13]和神经质瘤[14]等.雷公藤红素的单独或联合用药通过诱导细胞凋亡和自噬、诱导细胞周期停止、抗转移和抗肿瘤血管生成作用、抗炎症作用和抗氧化作用来抑制癌症的生物学进展.然而,雷公藤红素的口服生物利用度较低,主要是因为其水溶性较差.此外,使用高剂量的雷公藤红素与多种副作用相关,包括腹泻、头痛、恶心和不孕等[15].
在各种体内外研究中,雷公藤红素对癌细胞增殖的抑制作用已有很多进展:在体内外雷公藤红素均可通过抑制SGC-7901和BGC-823细胞系中的抗氧化酶Prdx2结合,在分子水平上抑制其酶活性,增加细胞ROS水平并导致细胞中ROS依赖性内质网应激、线粒体功能障碍、减缓细胞组织合成并诱导凋亡[7]10293.雷公藤红素通过负调控P-gp,MRP1,BCRP的表达水平并降低mTOR信号通路相关蛋白,显著抑制SGC-7901/DDP细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡[16].在肺腺癌中,雷公藤红素以与剂量无关的方式降低由miRNA介导的STAT3的磷酸化水平及Bcl-2/Bax的比率抑制增殖并诱导细胞凋亡[17].同时在神经胶质瘤的治疗中,雷公藤红素的衍生物通过激活RIP1/RIP3/MLKL通路诱导坏死性凋亡,显著抑制了U251细胞集落的形成和迁移[18].在结直肠癌中,雷公藤红素通过激活Caspase依赖性细胞凋亡和促进G1细胞周期阻滞有效抑制CRC细胞增殖[19]1926.
雷公藤红素也被报道通过靶向转移相关基因,如细胞因子和金属蛋白酶,对癌细胞的侵袭和迁移具有抑制作用.趋化因子属于细胞分泌小细胞因子的一个包括60多个成员的蛋白质家族,分子量多为8~10 kDa.大部分趋化因子家族成员分子含4个保守的半胱氨酸(Cysteine,C).根据其氨基端(N端)半胱氨酸的排列方式,可分为CXC,CC,C,CX3C 4个亚族.趋化因子受体(CXCR)是G蛋白连接的跨膜受体,与这些细胞因子相互作用介导恶性细胞的扩散.因此,能够阻断这种相互作用的药物有可能抑制肿瘤转移.在肝细胞癌中,雷公藤红素既可以降低CXCR4的表达,显著减弱HCC细胞的迁移能力[20]300,也可以通过下调HCC细胞中circ_SLIT3的表达,间接影响miR-223-3p的表达,由此影响CXCR4,并调节HCC细胞的迁徙和侵袭[21]1110.
细胞外基质降解是癌细胞侵袭和转移的重要步骤之一,基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)是锌依赖性蛋白水解金属酶.研究证明,雷公藤红素通过下调MMP家族成员的表达来抑制癌细胞的迁徙和侵袭.在结直肠癌和人宫颈HeLa细胞中,雷公藤红素通过下调MMP-2和MMP-9有效抑制细胞迁移和侵袭[19-22].也有报道证明,雷公藤红素通过抑制NF-B靶蛋白MMP-9而非MMP-2来阻断卵巢癌细胞的迁移和侵袭[23].在乳腺癌中,雷公藤红素以剂量依赖性抑制TNF-诱导的MMP-9基因诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡并抑制其侵袭[24].
癌症的转移是最威胁癌症患者的一环,超过90%的癌症相关死亡是由于肿瘤细胞的转移导致的[25].上皮间充质转化(EMT)是指上皮细胞通过特定程序转化为具有间质表型细胞的生物学过程.EMT过程受多种因素调节.雷公藤红素通过上调E-cadherin和下调N-cadherin,Vimentin,Snail明显抑制上皮间质转化,抑制人CRC细胞增殖,并减弱结肠异种移植肿瘤的生长[26].也有报道称,雷公藤红素作为一种抗转移剂,对1(CD29)整合素介导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)的粘附和迁移产生抑制[27];雷公藤红素可以通过抑制整合素信号通路抑制癌细胞的侵袭和转移,从而抑制人肺癌95-D和小鼠黑色素瘤B16-F10细胞模型中细胞-细胞基质黏附和EMT[28].
肿瘤的血管生成是一个极为复杂的过程,一般包括血管内皮基质降解、内皮细胞的迁移和增殖、细胞管道化形成血管环和形成新的基底膜等步骤.缺氧是肿瘤微环境的重要特征之一.雷公藤红素可通过靶向HIF-1/VEGF通路,抑制视网膜母细胞瘤的血管生成,并抑制其生长[29].也有报道称,雷公藤红素在结直肠癌HT-29和HCT-116细胞中可抑制细胞的生长和迁移,并与抑制关键基因(TYMP,CDH5,THBS2,LEP,MMP9,TNF)和蛋白质(IL-1b,MMP-9,PDGF,Serpin)的表达有关[30].
雷公藤红素在临床的联合治疗中也被证明是一种化疗药物增敏剂.雷公藤红素在MCF-7细胞内与他莫昔芬的联合治疗可发挥协同细胞毒性,增强了他莫昔芬介导的细胞凋亡,组合治疗通过阻滞细胞周期来抑制细胞增殖,并触发细胞自噬[31].而在与阿法替尼的联合治疗中,雷公藤红素与阿法替尼协同作用,通过诱导与细胞凋亡、自噬无关的细胞质空泡来抑制H23和H292细胞的存活[11]4545.
虽然雷公藤红素具有广谱抗癌活性,且能从多种途径抑制癌细胞生长,但雷公藤红素的应用仍受到其严重副作用的影响,主要是由于其不良的生物分布和各种理化性质及药代动力学限制.有报道指出,雷公藤红素的治疗窗口剂量过窄,其对各种肿瘤的异种移植模型的有效剂量约为3~5 mg/kg,但在此剂量下雷公藤红素会显示出较强的毒性,如心脏毒性[32-33]、肝脏毒性[34]150,肾脏毒性[35].与许多抗癌药物一样,雷公藤红素的水溶性较差[34]152,25 ℃时水溶性仅为0.044 mg/mL,37 ℃时为(13.25±0.83)mg/mL[34]152,因此只能使用聚氧乙烯蓖麻油溶剂或乙醇溶剂作为载体,但这会产生相关毒性,加重雷公藤红素的副作用[36].雷公藤红素的口服利用度极差,在大鼠的体内实验中,单纯口服雷公藤红素的绝对生物利用度仅为17.06%[37],这严重限制了其临床转换,阻碍药物的正常使用.目前,针对这些问题,已有研究开发了以纳米技术为基础的全新给药系统:使用纳米金颗粒与PVP-co-2-二甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯(聚合物)与雷公藤红素共轭,然后利用叶酸修饰,这一载体在2D和3D的乳腺癌模型中表现良好,溶解性大幅提高清毒性降低,这一实验为探索雷公藤红素的生物利用开辟的全新的道路[38].
尽管雷公藤红素的副作用危害较大,但在特殊化学修饰和特定溶质载体的加持下,其药用价值不可估量.雷公藤红素作为天然产物,其获得途径较为理想,主要难点在于药物的提纯部分,而在对抗诸多癌症时,雷公藤红素均有较强的药理活性.目前,应对癌症治疗中的耐药问题,最佳的解决方案是多药物联合治疗,通过多种细胞致死机制快速杀灭癌细胞以达到治疗目的.在体外实验中,雷公藤红素与常规化疗药物联合使用已成功遏制多种肿瘤细胞的生长,与单一药物治疗相比,联合治疗有效缩短了治疗周期,降低了肿瘤细胞的获得性耐药风险[38],这一治疗思路值得深入探讨.通过将雷公藤红素作为辅助药物使用,既可以减轻因药物剂量带来的过量毒性,也可以在配合治疗中发挥其抗肿瘤功效.目前,已经开发的各式新型给药系统和各种修饰方式可不同程度地降低雷公藤红素的毒性,并提高了雷公藤红素的溶解度、生物利用度,提供了体内外的持续释放.尽管这些药物还未真正应用于临床使用,但目前来看,针对临床实际应用的药物优化非常重要,势必会成为下一阶段雷公藤红素开发的核心内容.
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Inhibitory mechanism of celastrol on tumor
GUO Xu1,YANG Qingzhu1,2,YANG Yuji1,LU Zemei1,MENG Lingxue1,ZHANG Weiwei1,2,SHAO Shuli1,2
(1. School of Life Sciences,Agriculture and Forestry,2. Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene Engineering and Protection of Biodiversity in Cold Areas,Qiqihar University,Qiqihar 161006,China)
Focuses on the regulation mechanism of celastrol inhibiting tumor cell growth and discusses its processing and application in modern medicine.A number of studies have shown that celastrol exerts its anti-tumor activity by inhibiting the proliferation,metastasis,invasion and angiogenesis pathways of various cancer cells,and can improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy.Celastrol is an important plant extract that needs further development and research to reveal its specific antitumor action mode,research its potential toxicity and develop new clinical transformation methods.
celastrol;cancer treament;molecular targets;cell death
1007-9831(2022)04-0060-04
Q949.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9831.2022.04.012
2021-12-26
齐齐哈尔大学黑龙江省教育厅基本业务专项重点项目(135109104);黑龙江省省属高等学校基本科研业务费科研项目(YSTSXK201809)——植物性食品加工技术特色学科专项
郭旭(1997-)男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,在读硕士研究生,从事肿瘤细胞基因表达调控研究.E-mail:757011379@qq.com