巧手匠心，弥合历史缝隙

文／刁艳杰 图／何延海

山东博物馆内的“80后”文物保护修复团队，用匠心让文物重现光华。The “Post-80s” heritage conservation and restoration team in the Shandong Museum reproduce the brilliance of cultural heritage with their ingenuity.

对于文物修复师，人们总是充满好奇。在大多数人的印象里，他们是藏于“深宫大院”的老者，远离大众的日常生活，充满神秘感。其实，这群身怀绝技的人，离我们并不遥远，也并不老迈。

从山东博物馆的北门进入，行至四楼的文物保护修复实验室，一群“80后”文物修复师正用技艺弥合历史的缝隙，让沉睡千百年的文物渐次苏醒，重获“新生”。他们虽分工不同，但都对文物的保护修复持有一份热爱。

任伟是山东博物馆一名青铜器修复师，入行9年来，他参与修复的文物有1000余件。青铜器是金属器类藏品之一，它们由于长期埋藏在地下，与土壤中的水分、氧气、各类盐类发生缓慢的化学反应，表面形成各类铜锈。据任伟介绍，青铜器上的“锈”有好坏之分，并不需要都去除。文物修得好看不是目的，如何分辨这些“锈”，进而最大程度地保护文物才是宗旨。

马瑞文正在用超景深显微镜观察文物微观形貌。Ma Ruiwen is using an ultra-depth-offield microscope to observe the microscopic appearance of the cultural relics.

李晶正在检测博物馆展厅内的环境指标。Li Jing is testing the environmental indicators in the exhibition hall of the museum.

经纺织品修复师的巧手缝补，千年纺织品得以“化腐朽为神奇”。Mended by textile restorers, millennia-old textiles have been transformed from “Rotten to Rare”.

排笔是文物修复师刷宣纸、浆糊的好帮手，毛要软且细腻。The combined brush (comprising a row of brushes) is a good helper for heritage restorers to brush rice paper (Chinese art paper) and paste. Its bristles are required to be fine and soft.

纸张修复对干湿度要求严苛，如何用水成为修复的关键。Paper restoration has a strict requirement for dryness and humidity. How to use water is the key to restoration.

如青铜器怕湿一样，纸张怕干、彩绘怕光照……每一种文物都有自身适宜的保存环境。文物保护，预防为先。稳定、适宜的环境指标能够显著减缓文物的老化速度，减少病害的发生。现在大家普遍认同环境对文物的重要性，预防性保护意识有很大提高。

走进李晶所在的实验室，山东博物馆各个展厅的温湿度、二氧化碳、二氧化硫、光照度、挥发性有机化合物等各项数据，在环境监测平台上实时跳动。从微环境到小环境，从大环境到室外环境，覆盖全馆的230个传感器，连接着一台黑色的数据库应用控制器，有任何异常，李晶都会在第一时间知道。

同时，伴随着科技的进步，各种光谱及显微技术应用于文物信息提取、组成成分及病害成因分析等方面，让文物修复变得更加精准高效。作为文化传承保护的重要方式，文物修复是一场穿越千年的对话，文物修复师在对话中敬畏，修复技艺在对话中传承。

文物修复师许刚正在对书画进行吸尘。Heritage restorer Xu Gang vacuums calligraphy and painting works.

鲁元良正在将书画进行上墙平整，一幅书画作品的修复至少需要上墙三次。Lu Yuanliang is putting paintings and calligraphy on the wall and leveling them. The restoration of a painting and calligraphy work needs to be on the wall at least three times.

在任伟看来，文物修得好看不是目的，最大程度地保护文物才是宗旨。In Ren Wei’s view, the goal is not to restore cultural relics beautifully, but to protect them to the maximum extent.

Entering from the north gate of the Shandong Museum, walking into the Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Restoration on the fourth floor, you will see a group of “Post-80s” heritage restorers using their techniques to bridge the gap of history, to awaken those cultural relics sunk in sleep for thousands of years, and to make them come to life again. Assigned to different posts, they maintain a passion for heritage conservation and restoration.

Ren Wei is responsible for restoring the metal ware in the museum. Engaged in the profession for nine years, he has participated in the restoration of more than 1,000 cultural relics. In his view, the goal is not to restore cultural relics beautifully, but to identify “Rusts” and protect cultural relics to the maximum extent.

With the development of society and the progress of science and technology, more new elements have been integrated into traditional heritage restoration, which has gradually become part of the concept of “Heritage Conservation”. Now, the importance of the environment to cultural heritage has been widely recognized, the awareness of preventive conservation has been greatly improved.

In restorer Li Jing’s laboratory, all data of each exhibition hall, including temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, luminance, and volatile organic compounds, is flashed on the environmental monitoring platform in real time. From the microenvironment to the small environment, from the big environment to the outdoor environment, 230 sensors covering the entire museum are connected to a black database application controller, which will immediately inform Li Jing of any abnormality.

Meanwhile, with the progress of science and technology, and the application of various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to heritage information extraction, composition and disease cause analysis, and so forth, heritage restoration has become more accurate and efficient. As an important way of cultural inheritance and conservation, heritage restoration is a dialogue across millennia. In the dialogue, heritage restorers hold heritage in awe, and pass on restoration techniques.