Abstracts

06 Middle Eastern Countries'Cognitionand Interpretationof Achievements andGovernanceExperienceoftheCommunistPartyofChina

Abstract Middle Eastern countries are witnesses to China's changing achievements,and their interpretation of the Chinese Communist Party's(CPC)philosophy of governance can relatively objectively reflect the strategic and profound significance of the China's development road.Political and business elites,think tank scholars,and professionals in Middle Eastern countries' views of CPC widely recognize the inevitability of Chinese people's choice of CPC.And they also recognize the criticality of exploring their own development.This paper focuses on the Middle Eastern countries' interpretation of CPC's governance experience since socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a new era.Analyzing is mainly based on their exchange activities of political parties,reports and conference speech with the theme of CPC.Although Middle Eastern countries' interpretation of CPC's governance experience and philosophy has certain historic limitations and misunderstanding,while more frequent,comprehensive and systematic exchange and mutual learning between China and Middle Eastern countries could cure that in the future.

Key Words Middle East;Perception of CPC;Communist Party of China;the Governance of China

Author ZHANG Yuan,Ph.D.,Professor,Middle East Studies Institute,Shanghai International Studies University.

19 A ReviewoftheThree Trendsin Sudan's Political Transformation During theTransitionalPeriod

Abstract In April 2019,the Bashir regime,which has been in power for nearly 30 years,collapsed,and the political situation of Sudan has entered a transitional period of political transformation.In the past two years,various political forces in Sudan have both fought fiercely and compromised with each other around the distribution of power and the long-terminterests of the post-transition period.They have jointly promoted Sudan's political transformation and achieved some results.In the post-Bashir era,there are three obvious trends:political democratization,diversification of political orientations and de-radicalization of political ideology.In terms of democratization,the Sudanese democratic movement hopes to achieve a change of government through democratic elections in the post-Bashir era;In terms of diversification,the relative decline of Sudan's traditional right-wing camp and the rise of left-wing forces are a highlight;In terms of deradicalization,it is mainly manifested in the deconstruction of the former Islamic government and the purge of its ideology.However,the conservative forces hope to achieve a“soft landing”through political transformation and safeguard their vested interests,which has caused a shift to the right in Sudan's transitional government.In addition,with the impact of economic development and livelihood issues,interference by external powers and domestic factors such as COVID-19,Sultan's political transformation still faces great uncertainties in the future.

Key Words Sudan;Africa;Democratization;De-radicalization;The Sudan Communist Party(SCP)

Author TU Longde,Professor,School of Middle East Studies,Beijing Language and Culture University.

36 AlgerianHirakMovement:RootsCharacteristicsandTrends

Abstract The outbreak of Hirak Movement in Algeria has become the focus of a new round of social movement in Arab countries in the Middle East in 2019.It has been a new challenge to the legitimacy of the authoritarian regime in modern Algeria.Algeria has changed from a "stable island" to a "center of protest" in the current Middle East,which is rooted in the long-standing structural problems that the singleness of Algeria's economic structure has increased the vulnerability of the political system,the inherent disadvantages of the political system have eroded the legitimacy of the regime,the aging of the population structure has weakened the authority of political rule,and the development of network media has exacerbated the risk of political development.Compared with the protest waves in Algeria in 2011,the new round of protests has obvious characteristics,such as the protest crowds are younger,the identities of the protesters are similar,the protest methods are pacified,and the protest cycle is normalized.Judging from the current situation,theHirakmovement may be divided,and the government will learn from the previous crisis response strategies to get rid of the dilemma.But in any case,the interaction between the government and society will be improved.

Key words Algeria;Hirakmovement;Upheaval in the Middle East;Abdelaziz Bouteflika;Abdelmadjid Tebboune

Authors CI Zhigang College of Law and History of Inner Mongolia Minzu University;LIU Aijiao College of Law and History of Inner Mongolia Minzu University

56 State Governanceon Maintaining Social Stabilityof ContemporaryMorocco

Abstract The Arab upheavals have brought severe challenges to the regimes of many countries in the West Asia and North Africa,while the stability of Moroccan society is regarded as an exception by many scholars.Throughout Morocco's contemporary history,we found that the stability of the country is based on its continuous improvement of state governance.The country's regime can maintain the overall stability of society by providing deliverables to different social groups in the areas of security,basic services,and political participation.By weakening the power of the Islamic oppositions,fighting religious extremism,improving the legal protection of civil rights,and maintaining collective security at the diplomatic level,the Moroccan regime has created a safe environment for the country's development.In terms of the provision of basic services and political participation,the regime can deliver socio-economic resources to a wide range of social groups and ensure the political participation of political parties and civil society,Morocco's social development maintains an overall stable trend.In the face of social protests,the Moroccan regime resorts to political and economic reforms and repression to maintain the overall stability of the country.

Key Words State Governance;Stability;Moroccan regime;Arab upheavals

Authors JIANG Qi,Ph.D.Candidate,Department of International Relations,Tsinghua University;ZHANG Hong,Ph.D.,Professor,School of Arabic Studies,Beijing Foreign Studies University.

75 The Historical Evolutionand Contemporary Influenceof Sufism inMorocco

Abstract The Sufism,one of Morocco's oldest Islamist sects,has been around for nearly a thousand years,but was sidelined by the government in the early years of Morocco's independence in 1956 and being reintegrated in the 1990s.On the one hand,the revival of Sufism is closely related to its own innovation.It is its innovation and development that keeps pace with the times that have adapted to modern society,met the spiritual needs of the people,and ensured its own continuity.On the other hand,the moderate religious views of the Sufism are in line with Morocco's religious strategy of combating religious extremism and shaping moderate Islam,which is supported and encouraged by the government.In addition,the revival of the Sufism had a profound impact on Morocco.Internally,Sufism helped spread the values of loyalty,moderation and openness,and was conducive to social stability.Externally,the Sufism faction is conducive to strengthening Morocco's foreign exchanges and enhancing its international influence.

Key Words Morocco;Sufism;Politico-religious Relationship

Author LIN Youtang,Ph.D.Candidate,Institute of Middle Eastern Studies,Northwest University.

96 Changesof Egyptian Social Assistance System:FroMPath Dependenceto PathBreakthrough

Abstract From the perspective of institutional development,Egypt's social assistance system has experienced four transition periods:formation of social assistance system,over expansion,path locking and path breakout.Under the framework of historical institutionalism,the macro institutional background shapes the development structure of the assistance system,the critical junctures create the change opportunity structure,and the game and strategy of the actors promote the change of the assistance system in Egypt.In addition,the mutually beneficial relationship of "social contract" established between the rulers and the people has always been the ruling principle followed by successive governments from Nasser to Mubarak.Under the influence of ‘social contract’,the populist characteristics of Egypt's assistance system constantly strengthened itself,which locked the Egyptian relief system in the established development track.With the reform of the social assistance system of the Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's government,it has evolved into a reverse tension that hinders the reform and becomes an urgent problem to be solved in Egypt's future social and livelihood reform.

Key Words Egypt Social Assistance;Institutional Change;Historical Institutionalism;Path Dependency

Author BAI Shaopu,Ph.D.Candidate,Law School,Ningxia University.

118 Palestinian Non-Violent Resistance MovementSincethe21st Century:Implications PracticesandChallenges

Abstract Since the 21st century,the mass-based non-violent resistance movement has developed into a potential strategic trend in Palestians' struggle against Israel.Started with civilian opposition against the construction of the wall in 2002,its development can be divided into an anti-separation wall movement and two stages of an anti-occupation movement.The Palestinian non-violent resistance movement is guided by strategic and practical non-violent theories.It mainly uses the West Bank as its space for activities.The Palestinian non-violent resistance movement is guided by the strategic and practical non-violent doctrine and mainly takes the West Bank area as its space for activities.Through protests and persuasions,non-cooperation and direct intervention,the movement has been practicing struggles against Israel's occupation and survival against Israel.However,within the framework of the current Palestine-Israel bilateral relations,Israeli society,from the public to the government,lacks the constructive response it deserves.And the fragmentation of Palestine's geographic space,the division and competition in the political and social fields,and the lack of a strong leadership role have caused the non-violent resistance movement to face problems and challenges such as serious lack of social mobilization and cohesion.

Key Words Palestine;Non-Violent Resistance Movement;West Bank;Israel

Author CHENG Fei,Ph.D.candidate,Institute of Middle East Studies,Northwest University.

138 AliKhamenei'sCognitionofthe Current InternationalSystem

Abstract As one of the most influential religious leaders and political figures in the Islamic world today,Khamenei has a unique and profound cognition of the current international system.From the perspective of its cognitive basis,the traumatic memory of Iran's modern history has formed the cognitive basis of its victim's psychology;Zoroastrianism and Islamic philosophy have formed the philosophical basis of its dualism;the victory of the Islamic Revolution formed the empirical basis for its transformation of the status quo.From the perspective of its cognitive content,anti-system thought,understanding of the Islamic world system,and the theory of the third world constitute the main content of its cognition.Throughout Khamenei's cognition,it not only embodies the deep historical and cultural background of Iran and Islam,but also has a positive significance for the enrichment and development of non-Western theory of international relations,making Iran's attitude towards the current international system have both the characteristics of resistance and integration.

Key Words Iran;Ali Khamenei;International System;Cognition

Authors ZHAO Jinhao,Ph.D.Candidate,Beijing Foreign Studies University&School of Asian and African Studies;WANG Zezhuang,Ph.D.,Professor,Center of West Asian and North African Studies,Anhui University.