杜仲叶提取物对断奶仔猪机体健康影响的研究进展综述

2021-09-12 00:59赵广伟冯广鹏李婉涛张景锋
福建农业科技 2021年6期
关键词:生产性能

赵广伟 冯广鹏 李婉涛 张景锋

摘 要:杜仲叶提取物作为中草药饲料添加剂可以调节动物的营养代谢、免疫反应和肠道健康,显示出作为膳食抗生素替代品的良好潜力。研究发现,饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物能促进动物生长、增强免疫力、防治疾病。主要综述了近年来杜仲叶提取物促进断奶仔猪生长和提高动物免疫功能的作用及其作用机制的研究进展,特别是对畜禽健康的营养调控策略进行了前景展望,以期为杜仲叶提取物在动物营养研究及科学应用上提供理论参考。

关键词:杜仲叶提取物;断奶仔猪;生产性能;免疫反应

中图分类号:S 828.5   文献标志码:A   文章编号:0253-2301(2021)06-0058-06

DOI: 10.13651/j.cnki.fjnykj.2021.06.010

Abstract: The extract of Eucommia folium, as a feed additive of Chinese herbal medicine, could regulate the nutrition metabolism, immune response and intestinal health of animals, showing a good potential as a substitute for dietary antibiotics. The research showed that the dietary added with the extract of Eucommia folium could promote the growth of animals, enhance the immunity, and prevent and cure the diseases. In this paper, the effects of the extract of Eucommia folium on the growth and immune function of weaned piglets and its mechanism were reviewed, especially the nutritional regulation strategies for the health of livestock and poultry were prospected, so as to provide theoretical references for the animal nutrition research and the scientific application of the extract of Eucommia folium.

Key words: Extract of Eucommia folium; Weaned piglets; Production performance; Immune response; Intestinal health

斷奶被认为是集中饲养的猪的应激期[1],猪在应激期间会降低对营养物质的消化吸收,引起氧化应激,导致断奶前后出现生长迟缓和腹泻,进而对牲畜生产造成巨大的经济损失[2]。杜仲叶(Eucomia Ulmoides,EL)作为传统中草药杜仲的副产物,在我国相当普遍[3]。杜仲叶提取物含有丰富的生物活性化合物(如黄酮类化合物、绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚素、京尼平苷酸等),具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒和保肝功能[4]。研究发现,饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能[5]、抗氧化能力及消化吸收能力[6]。本文就杜仲叶提取物在仔猪营养功能、肠道功能和免疫功能的机制进行综述,以期为杜仲叶提取物在猪生产上的进一步应用提供参考。

1 杜仲叶提取物的主要功能介绍

1.1 杜仲叶提取物的成分及代谢

京尼平苷酸和绿原酸(Chlorogenic acid,CGA)是杜仲叶中重要的活性成分,前者可促进胶原合成[7],提高角质层的转化率[8],后者具有抗菌、消炎、致突变、抗氧化等生物活性[9]。绿原酸由反式肉桂酸和奎宁酸酯化而形成的酚类化合物,是一类酯的总称,最常见的绿原酸是5咖啡酰奎宁酸(5Ocaffeoylquinic acid,5CQA)[10]。CGA的结构不稳定,在碳1和碳3上有轴向羟基,在碳4和碳5上有平方羟基,其容易水解产生奎尼酸和各种肉桂酸,释放的肉桂酸可以脱羧,降解成一系列简单的酚类物质并进一步转化,从而进一步发挥作用[11]。

1.2 杜仲叶提取物的吸收途径及代谢产物

前人研究结果发现,尿液中可以检测出少量绿原酸[12-14]。Lafay等[15]在大鼠上的研究发现,部分绿原酸以咖啡酸的形式从肠道流出物中回收,说明在肠道黏膜中存在微量酯酶活性,同时在血浆和胆汁中均未检出绿原酸,以上研究结果表明,绿原酸在小肠中被吸收和水解。同时在大鼠和人上的研究发现,咖啡酸及其O甲基化代谢物普遍参在于血液和尿液[16-18],结果表明,绿原酸可以在体内水解。以上研究结果表明,绿原酸可能在肠道内水解为具有生物活性的代谢产物,其经消化道吸收后通过血液循环运送到全身各处,从而发挥相应的生理功能。

2 杜仲叶提取物对仔猪生产性能的影响及可能作用机制

2.1 杜仲叶提取物促进仔猪生长

研究发现,杜仲叶提取物提高了断奶仔猪[19]、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)[20]、肉鸡[21]、异育银鲫(Carassius gibelio)[22]、三黄鸡[23]的体重,增加仔猪[24]、肉兔[25]的采食量,以及羔羊[26]的饲料效率。同时,前人研究结果发现,饲粮中添加杜仲叶中提取物对羔羊的平均日增重、干物质采食量和饲料效率均无显著影响[26],这可能与杜仲叶提取物的添加量、动物种类不同有关。

2.2 杜仲叶提取物促进仔猪生长的可能作用机制

断奶后,饲料组成和饲养条件的突然变化又会引起消化功能的急剧变化,从而导致肠道对营养物质的吸收不良[27-28]。动物对饲料中营养物质的利用是体现饲料营养价值的一个重要指标。动物生长与消化功能密切相关。小肠消化酶(脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶)活性的提高有利于断奶仔猪的生长[29]。Ding等[29]研究结果表明,饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物提高断奶仔猪十二指肠脂肪酶活性和空肠胰蛋白酶活性。肠道吸收能力也是体内充分利用营养物质的基础[30]。碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性提高可以反映肠道上皮细胞的吸收能力增强[31]。石英等[22]研究结果表明,饲粮中补充杜仲叶提取物可以提高异育银鲫血清中AKP的活性。同时,冷向军等[32]研究结果表明,饲粮中补充杜仲叶提取物对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)血清AKP的活性无显著影响。以上研究结果表明,杜仲叶提取物可能通过增强仔猪肠道消化吸收能力促进仔猪生长,但是可能与动物的种类有关。

肠道健康是保证动物健康生长的前提条件[33]。肠道黏膜的改变,如绒毛高度降低、隐窝深度增加、肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比(VH/CD)增加等,被认为是由入侵的病原体引起的组织损伤[34]。之前的研究结果表明,饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物提高了断奶仔猪十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度[29]。同时,Peng等[3]在断奶仔猪上的研究结果表明,饲粮中补充杜仲叶提取物降低了隐窝深度,增加了绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值。肠道健康与肠道抗氧化能力[35]、肠道结构完整性[35]、肠炎抵抗能力[36]密切相关。血清中丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)水平的降低,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)水平的增加以及肠道紧密连接相关蛋白基因表达水平的增加可以反映动物肠道健康水平增加[37]。研究表明,饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物可以降低仔猪血清和肝脏MDA水平[29]、增加凡纳滨对虾血清CAT、SOD和GSH-Px水平。Peng等[3]研究结果表明,饲粮中添加杜仲提取物可以增加仔猪空肠黏膜紧密连接相关蛋白claudin3的基因表达水平。以上研究结果表明,杜仲叶提取物可能通过提高仔猪消化吸收能力、改善肠道形态及降低肠道通透性维持肠道功能健康,进而促进仔猪的生长。

挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acid,VFA)水平是可以反映肠道健康和微生物活性的指标[38]。Zhao等[39]研究结果表明,杜仲叶提取物可以提高SPF小鼠血清中挥发性脂肪酸乙酸和異丁酸的浓度。Freire等[40]研究表明,含有甜菜碱的饲粮饲喂仔猪时其盲肠中挥发性脂肪酸含量较高。同时,Che等[41]研究表明,饲粮中添加了黄芪茎叶纤维的仔猪具有较高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量。肠道微生物通过与宿主的营养利用和肠道系统的发育相互作用,在宿主的营养和健康、采食量和效率以及增重方面发挥重要作用[42-44]。Peng等[3]研究结果表明,饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物可以提高仔猪结肠微生物群落丰富度和多样性,与吕武兴等[23]在三黄鸡上的研究结果一致。杜仲叶提取物可能通过增加肠道中挥发性脂肪酸的含量及肠道微生物多样性来维持肠道健康。

以上研究结果表明,杜仲叶提取物可能通过增强营养物质的消化吸收、维持肠道功能健康来促进动物生长。

3 杜仲叶提取物对仔猪免疫功能的影响及可能作用机制

3.1 杜仲叶提取物对仔猪免疫功能的影响

病原菌入侵可以刺激机体激活免疫系统清除病原菌,若不能及时清除,则可能导致机体被病原菌感染而发病,严重时可能导致死亡。Chen等[45]研究结果表明,鱼类的疾病抵抗能力与其攻毒后的存活率呈正相关。气单胞菌引起鱼类运动性气单胞菌败血症,导致水产养殖业的高死亡率和严重的经济损失,嗜水气单胞菌被认为是气单胞菌感染的主要病原[46]。罗庆华[47]研究结果表明,饲粮中补充杜仲叶提取物可以降低嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)的存活率。

肠道中变形菌门的丰富度增加表明肠道菌群失调或者不平衡[48]。Peng等[3]研究结果表明,杜仲叶提取物可以提高断奶仔猪结肠微生物群落丰富度,降低变形菌门的丰富度。断奶仔猪腹泻事件是由大肠菌群过剩引起的,控制其传播是降低腹泻发病率的有效手段[49]。在仔猪上的研究发现,饲粮中杜仲叶提取物的添加降低了腹泻率[3],与Ding等[29]在断奶仔猪上的研究结果一致。Baratta等

[50]研究表明,中草药添加剂具有很强的抗菌活性,可以抑制大肠杆菌的生长[51]。饲粮中添加一定量的中草药黄芪茎叶纤维可以降低仔猪腹泻发病率(P<0.05)[41],与Li等[49]研究结果相似。同时,Chen等[19]研究结果表明,饲粮中绿原酸的添加降低了仔猪腹泻率。

3.2 杜仲叶提取物对仔猪免疫功能影响的可能作用机制

血清抗体水平可以反映体液免疫的水平[52]。王鑫等[53]研究结果表明,饲粮中补充杜仲叶提取物提高仔猪血清中IgA的含量,与李晓梅等[54]在仔猪上的研究结果一致。Tan等[55]研究表明,饲粮中加入黄芪多糖可以提高母猪初乳中IgM和IgG水平,与Kajimura等[56]在小鼠上的研究一致。猪瘟(Classical swine fever,CSF)是一种传染性病毒疾病,可以造成严重的经济损失的疾病[57]。前人研究表明,母源性CSF抗体的存在可以保护仔猪免受这种疾病的侵害[58]。Tan等[55]研究表明,分娩前在饲粮中补充黄芪多糖可增加初乳中母源性抗CSF特异性抗体。黄芪多糖能增加抗体产生可能与其能激活B细胞和巨噬细胞有关[59-60]。淋巴细胞对刀豆蛋白(Con A)的增殖反应是反映T淋巴细胞功能和细胞免疫的重要标准。在小鼠上的研究表明,杜仲叶提取物可增强脾细胞对刀豆蛋白(Con)A的增殖反应和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能[61]。同时,Yuan等[52]研究表明,饲粮中补充黄芪多糖可以改善断奶仔猪淋巴细胞对Con A的增殖反应,与Kong等[62]在鸡上的研究结果一致。

细胞因子介导的炎症反应是血脑屏障细胞免疫反应的重要组成部分[45]。肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)α是重要的促炎细胞因子,参与宿主对细菌定殖或入侵的防御机制[63-64]。在大鼠中的研究发现,下调促炎细胞因子可减弱炎症反应[65]。Jiang等[35]研究结果表明,饲粮中补充杜仲叶提取物可以提高仔猪肝脏中TNFα的基因表达水平。

以上研究結果表明,杜仲叶提取物可能通过提高动物的体液免疫和细胞免疫,减弱炎症反应来增强仔猪的免疫功能,但还需要更加深入系统的研究。

4 结论及展望

综上所述,杜仲叶提取物能够通过提高营养物质的消化率、维持肠道功能健康及免疫功能进而促进仔猪的生长。杜仲叶提取物通过提高仔猪肠道脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性,增加绒毛高度来促进仔猪对营养物质的消化吸收,通过提高肠道抗氧化能力、增强肠道紧密连接及增加肠道微生物的多样性及挥发性脂肪酸的含量提高肠道功能,进而提高仔猪的生长性能;通过提高仔猪体液免疫、细胞免疫和减弱炎症反应来提高仔猪的抗病力。

近年来关于植物性提取物替代抗生素的研究逐渐成为动物营养学中的一大热点。杜仲叶提取物中含有的多种活性成分使得其在畜牧业中的应用可能为改善畜牧业生产和控制疾病提供一个全新的途径。然而,有关断奶仔猪抗氧化能力、肠道功能和消化酶活性的影响的信息很少。本文综述了杜仲叶提取物对仔猪生产性能、肠道形态、抗氧化活性、免疫相关蛋白和血液指标的影响,清晰阐明杜仲叶提取物对仔猪机体健康影响的机制,这可能为预防和治疗疾病提供新思路,具有广阔的应用前景。

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