卞康 薛雁 陈蕾
[摘要]目的 探究侧脑室注射orexin B对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)帕金森病模型小鼠运动行为的影响。方法 将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、MPTP组、orexin B组和orexin B+MPTP组。采用转棒实验观察各组小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间。结果 与正常对照组相比,MPTP组小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间显著缩短(t=6.83,P<0.01);侧脑室注射orexin B的正常小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间与正常对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),然而,侧脑室注射orexin B的MPTP模型小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间较MPTP组明显延长(t=3.17,P<0.05)。结论 侧脑室注射orexin B可改善MPTP诱导的小鼠运动障碍。
[关键词]食欲素;输注,脑室内;帕金森病;旋转棒性能试验;动作障碍;小鼠
[中图分类号]R338.2
[文献标志码]A
[文章编号]2096-5532(2021)02-0186-04
[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of orexin B on motor behavior in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Methods Mice were randomly divided into normal control group, MPTP group, orexin B group, and orexin B+MPTP group. The rotarod test was used to observe the retention time of mice on the rotarod. Results Compared with the normal control group, the MPTP group had a significant reduction in the retention time on the rotarod (t=6.83,P<0.01). There was no significant difference in retention time on the rotarod between the normal mice with intracerebroventricular injection of orexin B and the mice in the normal control group (P>0.05). Compared with the MPTP group, the orexin B+MPTP group had a significant increase in the retention time on the rotarod (t=3.17,P<0.05). Conclusion Intracerebroventricular injection of orexin B can improve dyskinesia induced by MPTP in mice.
[KEY WORDS]orexins; infusions, intraventricular; Parkinson disease; rotarod performance test; movement disorders; mice
帕金森病(PD)是一种由基底神经核运动功能环路异常导致的神经退行性疾病[1-2]。orexins由orexin A(分子量3 561)和orexin B(分子量2 899)构成[3]。orexin受体(OXR)是G蛋白耦联受体,包括orexin 1受体(OX1R)和orexin 2受体(OX2R)。在中枢神经系统中,OX2R mRNA分布在海马CA3区、深层皮质和中缝核等区域[4],而在外周组织中,OX2R mRNA含量较少[5]。orexin A与OX1R和OX2R结合的亲和力几乎相等,但是orexin B与OX2R结合的亲和力远远大于与OX1R结合的亲和力[4,6]。有研究结果表明,脑内orexins参与学习记忆、进食、獎赏等多种生理功能[7]。最近有研究报道,orexins在运动控制方面也发挥重要作用,多数中枢运动控制区域均接受orexin能纤维支配[8]。有研究表明,orexins与PD密切相关,PD病人脑脊液中orexins的含量显著降低[9-14]。研究已证实,orexin B在细胞水平对多巴胺能神经元具有保护作用[15]。然而,orexin B是否可调控小鼠的运动行为尚不清楚。因此,本研究利用转棒实验进行行为学观察,旨在探讨侧脑室注射orexin B对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)PD模型小鼠运动行为的影响。现将结果报告如下。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验材料
1.1.1 实验动物 体质量为22~24 g、8~10周龄的正常雄性C57BL/6小鼠,由济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司提供。每笼4~6只小鼠,在温度为22~25 ℃、湿度为50%~55%、12 h光照(早8:00到晚20:00开灯)12 h黑暗(晚20:00到早8:00关灯)的环境下饲养,及时添水加粮、更换垫料。
1.1.2 实验药品 orexin B(Cat. No. 1456)购自Tocris公司;MPTP(Cat. No. M0896)购自Sigma公司。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 侧脑室埋管 腹腔注射水合氯醛400 mg/kg麻醉小鼠,并将其置于脑立体定位仪上。将导管帽和给药导管(型号为62102和62003,瑞沃德生物科技有限公司)植入右侧脑室(前囟后0.3 mm,向右旁开1.0 mm,颅骨表面下2.2 mm),并用牙托水泥固定。小鼠术后恢复7 d,其中前4 d连续肌肉注射青霉素20 000 U/d。
1.2.2 实验分组及处理 侧脑室埋管7 d后将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、MPTP组、orexin B组和orexin B+MPTP组。各组首先侧脑室注射相应的药物3 d进行预处理,再腹腔注射相应的药物5 d。正常对照组给予生理盐水侧脑室注射和腹腔注射;MPTP组给予生理盐水侧脑室注射和MPTP腹腔注射;orexin B組给予orexin B侧脑室注射和生理盐水腹腔注射;orexin B+MPTP组给予orexin B侧脑室注射和MPTP腹腔注射。根据预实验结果,orexin B给药剂量为600 ng/d,MPTP给药剂量为30 mg/(kg·d)。侧脑室注射体积为2 μL,注射时间为3 min,留针3 min;腹腔注射体积为0.005 mL/g。注射时小鼠可自由活动,注射器随小鼠的活动而移动。在给药的8 d内均注射青霉素预防感染。
1.2.3 转棒实验 将小鼠背对着测试者放在旋转棒上适应2 min。第2天进行实验,转速为4~40 r/min,记录小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间,最长时间设为300 s。
1.3 统计学分析
使用SPSS 22软件进行统计学处理。计量数据以x2±s表示,采用两因素析因设计的方差分析探讨MPTP和orexin B的作用,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
对照组(n=8)、MPTP组(n=8)、orexin B组(n=7)和orexin B+MPTP组(n=8)小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间分别为(74.44±2.71)、(39.94±4.67)、(80.50±6.68)和(52.19±2.91)s。析因设计方差分析结果显示:
FMPTP=63.76,P<0.01;Forexin B=8.382,P<0.01;FMPTP×orexin B=2.275,P>0.05。因两因素无交互作用,故进行单独效应分析:与正常对照组相比,MPTP组小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间显著缩短(t=6.83,P<0.01),说明MPTP组小鼠运动功能受损;侧脑室注射orexin B的正常小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间与正常对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),然而,侧脑室注射orexin B的MPTP模型小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间较MPTP组明显延长(t=3.17,P<0.05),提示orexin B可改善MPTP诱导的运动障碍。
3 讨 论
Orexins广泛分布于全脑,与orexin A相比,orexin B的脂溶性低,在血液中降解速度快,而且不易透过血-脑脊液屏障,故脑内orexin B的含量较高[16]。orexin A与OX1R和OX2R结合的亲和力几乎相等,但orexin B与OX2R结合的亲和力远远大于与OX1R结合的亲和力[4,6]。orexins参与调节多种生理过程,包括进食、运动控制和学习记忆功能等[17-18]。有文献报道,侧脑室给予orexins可增加食物摄入量,而外周注射orexins没有引起摄食的变化[19]。orexins缺乏可导致学习和记忆缺陷,而orexins可增强海马神经再生,改善空间学习和记忆能力[7]。有文献报道,侧脑室给予orexin B可改善大鼠学习能力和巩固其记忆能力,而orexin B巩固记忆的作用可以被OX2R拮抗剂所逆转[20]。orexins与PD的发病密切相关,PD病人脑脊液中orexins的含量降低25%[21]。
Orexins与运动控制的关系越来越受到关注。有研究表明,微量注射orexin A到腹外侧视前区、伏隔核、黑质和蓝斑等均可以刺激大鼠的自发性运动[22-25]。鼻腔给予orexin A后,小鼠的运动能力显著增加,但持续时间较短[26]。有文献报道,orexin A可以提高金鱼的自发性运动而且可被OX1R阻断剂SB 334867所阻断[27]。orexin A可以增加6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)PD模型大鼠的运动能力,而注射SB 334867会加重运动缺陷[28]。
以往电生理学和行为学研究提示,脑内orexin B参与运动功能调控。侧脑室注射orexin B增加大鼠挖掘和修饰行为,但作用较orexin A弱[29]。有文献报道,orexin B可通过OX2R兴奋与运动密切相关的小脑间质核和前庭下核神经元[30-31]。蓝斑接受致密的orexin能纤维投射,orexin B可激活蓝斑核神经元,进而增加肌张力[32]。众所周知,PD是黑质致密带多巴胺能神经元退变导致的运动障碍性疾病。本文研究结果表明,侧脑室注射orexin B可改善MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠运动障碍症状。我们前期的电生理实验结果显示,orexin B增加黑质致密带多巴胺能神经元的自发放电频率[33]。由此我们推测,侧脑室给予orexin B可能通过增加PD模型小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元自发放电,通过基底神经核功能通路,解除基底神经核输出核团对大脑皮质运动区的抑制效应,从而改善运动障碍症状。
转棒实验是评价小鼠运动协调能力常用的一种行为学方法[34-35]。它通过比较小鼠在旋转棒上停留时间的长短来反映小鼠的运动协调能力,在旋转棒上停留的时间越长,表明小鼠的运动能力越好。本实验结果显示,侧脑室注射orexin B可增加MPTP模型小鼠在旋转棒上停留的时间,提示侧脑室给予orexin B可改善MPTP模型小鼠的运动能力。本实验室前期通过旷场和爬杆实验研究证实,侧脑室给予orexin A可改善MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠的运动障碍症状[36]。因为侧脑室给予orexin A和orexin B可以作用于不同核团的不同受体,故在今后的行为学实验中,可进一步观察侧脑室联合给予orexin A和orexin B是否会产生协同效应。
PD可累及運动系统,导致运动障碍。本研究结果提示侧脑室注射orexin B可改善MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠的运动障碍症状,这为进一步深入探讨orexin B与PD发病机制及治疗的相关性提供了一定的理论和实验依据。
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(本文編辑 马伟平)