闫盼 王萍 李静 王晟东 王姝琪 方悦 宋明芬
1.杭州市第七人民醫院 浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心分子生物学实验室,浙江杭州 310013;2.杭州市第七人民医院 浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心精神科,浙江杭州 310013;3.杭州市第七人民医院 浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心检验科,浙江杭州 310013
[摘要] 目的 探讨5-羟色胺转运体启动子区(5-HTTLPR)基因多态性与轮班护士睡眠质量的关系。 方法 选取2018年10月至2019年10月在本院从事轮班制工作的101例护士为研究对象,根据匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)总分评定睡眠质量,其中睡眠障碍组(>7分)45例,睡眠正常组(≤7分)56例。采集血液,测定5-HTTLPR基因多态性,比较两组各基因型及各等位基因的频率分布,分析5-HTTLPR基因多态性与轮班护士睡眠质量的关联性。 结果 睡眠障碍组轮班护士主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、日间功能障碍各因子得分及总分均明显高于睡眠正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);睡眠障碍组与睡眠正常组5-HTTLPR基因型及等位基因频率分布比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中睡眠障碍组SS基因型和S等位基因频率分别为64.44%、78.89%,均高于睡眠正常组(41.07%、60.71%),SS基因型者发生睡眠障碍的危险性是LL型的4.623倍(95%CI:1.153~18.542),S等位基因携带者发生睡眠障碍的危险性是L等位基因携带者的3.929倍(95%CI:1.024~15.065)。 结论 5-HTTLPR基因多态性与轮班护士睡眠质量有关,S等位基因可能是轮班护士发生睡眠障碍的易感基因。
[关键词] 轮班护士;睡眠质量;5-HTTLPR;基因多态性
[中图分类号] R749.7 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)12-0167-04
Relation of gene polymorphisms in the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter-linked promoter region and sleep quality of nurses taking shifts
YAN Pan1 WANG Ping2 LI Jing1 WANG Shengdong1 WANG Shuqi1 FANG Yue3 SONG Mingfen1
1.Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hangzhou Seventh People′s Hospital, Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China; 2.Department of Psychiatry, Hangzhou Seventh People′s Hospital, Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China; 3.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Seventh People′s Hospital, Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship between gene polymorphism of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter-linked promoter region(5-HTTLPR) and the sleep quality of nurses taking shifts. Methods A total of 101 nurses who were working in shifts in our hospital from October 2018 to October 2019 were selected as the study subjects. The total score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale(PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality. Among them, 45 cases were in the sleep disorder group(>7 points) and 56 cases were in the sleep normal group(≤7 points). The blood was collected and the 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism was determined. The frequency distribution of each genotype and allele was compared between the two groups, and the correlation between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and sleep quality of nurses taking shifts was analyzed. Results The scores of subjective sleep quality, time spent falling into sleep, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, and daytime dysfunction and total scores of nurses taking shifts in the sleep disorder group were significantly higher than those in the sleep normal group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05); frequency distribution of 5-HTTLPR genotype and allele were compared between the sleep disorder group and the sleep normal group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Among them, the SS genotype and S allele frequencies in the sleep disorder group were 64.44% and 78.89%, which were higher than those in the sleep normal group(41.07% and 60.71%). People with SS genotype were 4.623 times as risky to have sleep disorders as those with LL genotype(95%CI: 1.153-18.542), and carriers of S alleles were 3.929 times as risky to have sleep disorders as carriers of L alleles(95%CI: 1.024-15.065). Conclusion The 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism is related to the sleep quality of nurses taking shifts. The S allele may be a susceptibility gene for sleep disorders in those nurses.
[Key words] Nurses taking shifts; Sleep quality; 5-HTTLPR; Gene polymorphism
近年来,因睡眠质量问题所带来的医疗费用增加和工作效率下降已成为社会广泛关注的公共卫生问题[1]。轮班护士由于工作环境及服务对象特殊,昼夜节律紊乱,其睡眠问题更是不容忽视[2]。以往研究表明,年龄、婚姻状况、倒夜班年限等可能是影响护士睡眠质量的因素[3],但在这些因素相近的情况下,护士群体中不同个体的睡眠质量也有所差异。近年来,相关研究提示5-羟色胺转运体启动子区(Serotonin transporter-linked promoter region,5-HTTLPR)基因多态性与失眠易感性有关[4-5],因此5-HTTLPR基因多态性可能是引起轮班护士睡眠质量个体差异的重要原因,但目前尚无相关报道。故本研究以睡眠障碍的高发人群轮班护士为研究对象,旨在探讨5-HTTLPR基因多态性与轮班护士睡眠质量的关系,寻找轮班护士发生睡眠障碍的易感性基因,为睡眠障碍的机制研究提供线索,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2018年10月至2019年10月在本院从事轮班制工作的护士为研究对象。纳入标准:①从事轮班制护理工作至少6个月;②女性;③年龄18~50岁。排除标准:①合并严重躯体疾病或精神心理疾病者;②酒精、药物、浓茶和浓咖啡依赖者;③正在服用治疗失眠药物者;④妊娠或哺乳期妇女。本研究经杭州市第七人民医院医学伦理委员会审查通过,所有研究对象签署知情同意书。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 问卷调查 自行设计调查表,收集轮班护士的基本信息(性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、职称、轮班年限、夜班频率等)、生活习惯(吸烟史、饮酒史、体育锻炼情况等)、疾病情况(各类急慢性躯体疾病)。
1.2.2 睡眠质量评定 由经培训的心理测量师使用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)判定轮班护士的睡眠状况[6]。该量表由主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、催眠药物、日间功能障碍7个成分构成。每个因子成分按0~4级评定,累积各因子得分为PSQI总分,分值越高说明睡眠质量越差,总分为0~21分,其中≤7分为正常组,>7分为睡眠障碍组。
1.2.3 5-HTTLPR基因型检测 所有受试者抽取外周静脉血2 mL,加入乙二胺四乙酸抗凝,1周内抽提DNA,于-80℃保存待用。通过GenBank查找5-HTTLPR的引物序列,由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成,上游引物:5-GGCGTTGCCGCTCTGAATGC-3,下游引物:5-GAGGGACTGAGCTGGACAACCAC-3。PCR反应体系:DNA模板1 μL,上下游引物各1 μL,dNTP 4 μL,2×GC bufffer I 12.5 μL,Taq酶0.25 μL,ddH2O 5.25 μL。PCR反應条件:94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性1 min,62℃退火30 s,72℃延伸1 min,总共35个循环,最后72℃延伸10 min。将上述PCR产物经2.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳50 min,在分子成像仪上观察基因分型,结果判定如下:484 bp条带为S型等位基因,528 bp或572 bp条带为L型等位基因;只有484 bp条带为SS基因型,528 bp或572 bp条带为LL基因型,484 bp和528 bp或484 bp和572 bp均有者为LS基因型。
1.3 统计学方法
使用SPSS 23.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计数资料以[n(%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。计量资料以(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。采用拟合优度χ2检验5-HTTLPR基因型分布是否符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。采用非条件Logistic 回归计算比值比(OR)及其95%置信区间(95%CI)分析发生睡眠障碍的相对危险度。检验标准为双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般资料比较
共募集到符合条件的轮班护士101例,其中睡眠障碍组45例(44.6%),睡眠正常组56例(55.4%)。两组年龄、BMI、婚姻状况、文化程度、轮班年限、夜班频次比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 两组PSQI各因子得分及总分比较
睡眠障碍组轮班护士的PSQI量表各因子得分及总分均明显高于睡眠正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。另外,本研究对象均为未使用催眠药物者,因此,PSQI的催眠药物因子分均为0。
2.3 两组5-HTTLPR基因型分布Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡检验比较
5-HTTLPR基因型频率进行Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡检验结果显示,睡眠障碍组与睡眠正常组观察值和预期值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),提示研究对象来自遗传平衡群体,有较好的代表性。
2.4 两组5-HTTLPR基因型及等位基因频率分布比较
睡眠障碍组与睡眠正常组5-HTTLPR基因型频率分布比较,睡眠障碍组SS基因型频率(64.44%)高于睡眠正常组(41.07%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在等位基因分布上,睡眠障碍组S等位基因频率(78.89%)高于睡眠正常组(60.71%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,以LL基因型为参照,SS基因型轮班护士发生睡眠障碍的危险性是LL型的4.623倍(95%CI:1.153~18.542);以L等位基因为参照,携带S等位基因的轮班护士发生睡眠障碍的危险性是L等位基者的3.929倍(95%CI:1.024~15.065)。
3 讨论
国内外流行病学调查表明,15%~35%的成年人存在不同程度的睡眠障碍,严重影响其脑力和体力的恢复,但其发病机制尚未完全阐明[7-8]。现代医学将失眠的发生概括为三大因素:易感因素、诱发因素和持续因素[9]。应激性生活事件总是先于失眠出现,因此社会心理应激是失眠的重要原因,但应激事件是否导致失眠,个体间存在显著差异,可能与个人易感性有关[10]。
以往研究表明,5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)作为脑内一种重要的单胺类神经递质,参与睡眠的发生和维持,普遍认为5-HT功能降低是睡眠障碍发生的危险因素[11]。5-HT系统的功能受5-羟色胺转运体(Serotonin transporter,5-HTT)的调节。5-HTT从突触间隙中再摄取5-HT决定了突触后受体介导信号的量和作用持续时间,从而对5-HT能神经传递进行精细调控[12]。有研究表明,5-HTT基因多态性可影响5-HTT基因转录水平和蛋白表达,进而影响脑组织中5-HT水平[13]。关于5-HTT基因多态性目前研究最多的位点是5基因启动子区域44 bp的插入/缺失(5-HTTLPR)[14]。5-HTTLPR有长型(L)和短型(S)两种常见的等位基因,LL、LS、SS三种基因型,其中L等位基因具有较高的转录活性,LL基因型比SS基因型个体有更高的mRNA转录量和5-HTT蛋白表达量[15-16]。
近年来,相关研究提示5-HTTLPR多态性可能与失眠易感性相关,但仍存在较大争议。Wankerl等[17]指出携带S等位基因的个体较易陷入长时间的警觉和反思状态,发生失眠的可能性更大。Carskadon等[18]通过开展5-HTTLPR多态性与睡眠模式关系的初步研究后发现,携带S等位基因的学生更易持续处于短暂夜间睡眠模式中,而且其睡眠不足容易导致情绪低落。但是,Van等[19]报道称并未检测到5-HTTLPR多态性与睡眠质量之间的关联。笔者分析以往研究结果不一致的原因,可能与研究对象的选择及存在较多的混杂因素(如性别、年龄、工作压力、生活习惯等)有关。因此,本研究选择我院精神科轮班护士这个特殊群体为研究对象来探讨5-HTTLPR多态性与睡眠障碍的关系,其优点为其工作环境一致、工作量相似、工作压力相仿,属于睡眠障碍的高发人群且睡眠质量有一定个体差异。
有调查显示,一线临床护士20%~60%遭受睡眠问题的困扰,主要情况有难以入睡、睡眠浅、易惊醒、醒后不易再入睡、多梦等[20]。在本院调查入组的101名轮班护士中有44.6%发生睡眠障碍,其PSQI各因子得分及总分均明显高于睡眠正常组,与以往研究结果基本一致。为进一步探讨轮班护士发生睡眠障碍的易感基因,本研究比较了睡眠障碍组与睡眠正常组5-HTTLPR基因型和等位基因分布情况,发现睡眠障碍组有较高的SS基因型及S等位基因频率,SS基因型及S等位基因携带者发生睡眠障碍的危险性明显高于其他类型,提示S等位基因可能是轮班护士发生睡眠障碍的易感基因。
综上所述,5-HTTLPR基因多态性与轮班护士睡眠质量的关联性,为合理配置護理人员,改善护士睡眠质量,提高工作效率提供了参考,也为睡眠障碍的机制研究提供了一定线索。但本研究的样本量较少、研究对象均来自同一所医院。因此,相关结论仍有待进一步扩大样本量,开展多中心研究进一步证实。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-09)