助力读写训练

余慧华

高考备考资料用什么较好？答案无疑是高考真题。可现实情况往往是不少同学拿到真题后，做过了就不再细究，只是单纯用来检测英语知识的掌握情况或者仅仅用来感受高考试题的难度，这样一来就会导致高考真题这样的好题没有得到充分利用。纵观高考英语试题的变迁，我们发现高考英语越来越重视语篇的考查。下面就以2020年英语高考试卷中的几篇语篇为例，来探究如何对高考试题进行深度挖掘和利用，以助力读写训练。

一、利用高考语篇，助力词汇复习

（一）熟词生义的积累

英语高考卷中常常会出现一些我们平时经常见到的熟词，但是在文中却表达我们不大熟悉的含义。例如：

1.（2020年7月浙江卷C篇）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking， planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age.

同学们对“age”一词十分熟悉，知道它是一个名词，意为“年纪”。但是在本句中，很显然它不是作名词用，而是作为一个动词，意为“变老”，相当于“get older”。

2.（2020全国Ⅰ卷B篇）The language is almost intoxicating， an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.

该句中的“an aging writer”相当于“a writer who is getting older”。这样一来，我们对“age”这个词的认识就更加全面深刻了。

3.（2020年7月浙江卷C篇）Researchers from the university of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.

该句中的“battery”不是大家熟悉的“电池”含义。此处的“a battery of”意為“一连串，一系列，一组”。例如：“a battery of questions”一连串问题，“a battery of reporters”一大批记者。

4.（2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇）Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day.

该句中的“engineer”不再是同学们所熟知的名词“工程师”，此处“engineer”用作动词，意为“处理，设计”。

5.（2020年1月浙江卷A篇）I read library books as fast as I could go： rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle.

该句中的“rush”一词不是大家熟悉的不及物动词，而是及物动词，意为“匆匆带……”。

这样的“熟词生义”的词，几乎每套高考卷中都能找到。如果大家平时多做积累，把“熟词”的常见词义与不常见词义进行对比和联合记忆，会对同学们学习词汇和提高阅读水平大有裨益。

（二）同义词积累

1.高考语篇中会出现大量同义词和近义词，甚至集中出现在同一篇文章中。例如：

（2020年1月浙江卷完形填空题）

I was born legally blind. Of all the stories of my early childhood， the one about a tree is my mothers favorite.

I was only two when the incident occurred. We had just arrived home from a trip. Mom lifted me out of the car and turned to speak to the driver. I took advantage of my brief freedom to dash across the lawn —and hit large maple tree！ I was running so fast that I bounced off the trunk and landed on my backside. Mom expected me to start crying， but I just sat there for a minute. Then I picked myself up and kept right on going. Mom always adds here that， as many times as I zoomed across the lawn after that， I never again crashed into that tree.

Mom loves to use this story as an example. It reminds her that children dont enter life afraid to take risks or unwilling to try again when they fall down. She never wanted me to lose that toughness as I grew older. When I made my major life decisions， I was still that little girl tearing full-speed across the lawn. I studied abroad and later moved away from my parents home to look for a job. Through years of efforts， I have become a respected teacher in school serving high-need students...

这篇文章集中出现了 “dash across”“zoom across”“tear across” 这几个表示“急速穿过”的短语。“dash across”强调速度快（quickly），“zoom across”强调快且突然（quickly and suddenly），“tear across”强调快且激动（quickly and in an excited way）。

2.还可以通过对一些重点词汇和短语进行替换练习来实现同义词的整理。例如：

（1）（2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇）A study conducted （可替换为managed， handled， performed， done， made等，但是conduct更显正式） in Youngstown， Ohio， for example， discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect （可替換为discover， find， explore， perceive等，但是detect更能够体现发现的不易）harmful chemicals in groundwater.

（2）（2020全国Ⅰ卷七选五语篇）Now that youve listed your strengths， list your imperfections （可替换为weaknesses， disadvantages， defects， shortcomings， drawbacks等，但是imperfection侧重指不影响整体完美度的瑕疵）.

（3）（2020全国Ⅰ卷C篇）But the sports strange form does place considerable （可替换成great， enormous， intense， tremendous等， considerable强调能够产生影响的，显著的） stress on the ankles and hips， so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.

对这些同义词进行整理，可以让同学们进行联动记忆，由一个词或短语联想出另外的词汇，这样既可灵活运用相关词汇，又可在很大程度上提高同学们词汇复习的效率。如果在写作中也能灵活运用同义词，那同学们的作文将大增异彩。

二、利用高考语篇，助力语法复习

在做高考真题的阅读理解时，我们可以挑一些典型句子进行替换练习。这样不仅可以加深对原句的理解，还可以通过替换练习来巩固句型和语法知识，从而锻炼我们的书面表达能力，达到一举多得的效果。下面来看几个例子：

1.（2020全国Ⅰ卷B篇）The older I get， the more I feel time has wings.（the more...the more...句型）

→When I am becoming older and older， I feel time flies faster and faster.

替换后，原句的意思就明确了，更利于对原文中the more...the more...句型的理解。

2.（2020全国Ⅰ卷B篇）The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.（同位语从句）

→The connection between the reader and the book depends on the readers present emotions and situations， which is the true meaning of rereading.

将含有同位语从句的复合句替换成含which引导的非限制性定语从句的复合句，既复习了名词性从句和定语从句的用法，又加深了对原句的理解，还操练了复合句的写作。

3.（2020全国Ⅰ卷B篇）While money is indeed wonderful and necessary， rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.（while引导让步状语从句）

→Even though money is useful and attractive， the best way to show appreciation to an author and his work is to reread it.

通过替换练习，加深对while引导让步状语从句的理解。

4.（2020全国Ⅰ卷C篇） Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity. （强调句型）

→The form of race walking is so strange that this sports attracts our interest.

通过替换练习，加深对强调句型的理解。

三、利用高考语篇，助力写作训练

（一）修辞手法

同学们稍加注意，就会发现在高考语篇中很多句子都用到了各种修辞。这里略举几例：

1.（2020全国Ⅰ卷C篇）According to most calculations， race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour， which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking， although fewer than running， which would probably burn about 1，000 or more calories per hour. （comparison比较）

用非限制性定语从句将race walking和running的差异通过比较分析解释得清楚明白，值得我们在写作中学习运用。

2.（2020全国Ⅰ卷C篇）According to her research， runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step， while race walkers， who do not leave the ground， create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.（contrast对比）

while表示两者对比，将两种不同的运动在进行时对身体的影响表述得非常清楚，便于理解，让读者一目了然，为后文提出建议做了铺垫。

3.（2020年1月浙江卷读后续写）The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there.（simile 明喻）

比喻的运用使得读者似乎身临其境，切身感受到家里毫无生机、寂静的状况。

4.（2020年1月浙江卷读后续写）They even let her sit on the sofa， but the old girl just wasnt her usual cheerful self.（contrast 对比）

将Poppy此刻的无精打采与平常的兴高采烈进行对比，使得读者一下子就能感受到她与小主人间的深厚情谊。

语篇中修辞的使用使读者产生丰富的联想，也使描写的对象更生动形象。我们在阅读的过程中细细体味这些修辞用法，并且在写作中适当使用一些修辞手法，可以很好地提高文章的表现力和艺术感染力。

（二）读写结合

针对英语高考卷中不同文体的语篇，我们可以进行不同的写作训练。比如，记叙文可以拿来做读后续写练习，说明文、议论文可以拿来做概要写作训练。这样一来，一方面加深了对文章的理解，另一方面充分利用优质语篇进行了写作训练，对写作能力的提高大有好处。例如2020年全國Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇，很多同学初读的时候觉得理解起来有点难度。但是理清了文章结构，抓住了文章主要意思以后，理解起来就容易得多。