任明建,贺 停,秦立达,崔绮敏,周文兵,刘亚平,程桂广
(1.昆明理工大学 农业与食品学院,云南 昆明 650500;2.聊城市东昌区妇幼保健院,山东 聊城 252000;3.云南省烟草公司 玉溪市公司,云南 玉溪 653100)
蕊木属(Kopsia)植物,全世界大约有30种,分布于亚洲的热带与亚热带地区,澳大利亚北部地区,所有的种都是灌木或者小乔木,而且都开有红色、白色、粉色等颜色的花朵,因此很多种都被作为观赏植物来培育.我国分布有4种蕊木属植物,分别为海南蕊木(K.hainanensisTsiang)、云南蕊木(K.officinalisTsiang)、红花蕊木(K.fruticosaKer.)和蕊木(K.lancibracteolataMerr.)[1].在中国蕊木属植物有很长的药用历史,常用来治疗咳嗽、类风湿性关节炎等疾病,具有很好的药用价值.据文献报道,海南蕊木中富含丰富的吲哚生物碱,为了解海南蕊木中吲哚生物碱的结构类型,对海南蕊木的总碱开展了系统的的生物碱化学成研究,从中分离鉴定12个吲哚生物碱(见图1).
图1 吲哚生物碱1~12的结构
Agilent 1260 series高效液相色谱仪(美国Agilent公司),超高压液相色谱质谱联用仪(美国Agilent公司);Bruker DRX -500核磁共振波谱仪(德国Bruker公司);EYELA OSB-2100旋转蒸发仪(上海爱朗仪器有限公司);Waters SunFire C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm;250 mm×10 mm, 5 μm);ZF8型三用紫外分析仪(上海康华生化仪器制造有限公司);中压分离装置(瑞士步琦有限公司);AL204电子天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司);薄层层析硅胶板(青岛谱科有限公司);柱层析硅胶(青岛谱科分离材料有限公司,100~200目,200~300目,300~400目);葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20(Pharmacia化学公司);Lobar RP-C18gel(Merck公司);浓硫酸(天津市风船有限公司);色谱甲醇、乙腈(Merck公司);其他试剂均为分析纯(天津市风船有限公司).
海南蕊木(KopsiahainanensisTsiang)于 2018年 7月采自云南省西双版纳州,并经昆明植分生物技术有限公司张君先生鉴定.
海南蕊木枝叶 10 kg,风干后,粉碎,用甲醇室温下浸提4次,每次 48 h,提取液合并.过滤并浓缩得到粗提物浸膏.浸膏用0.2%稀盐酸溶解调节pH值至2~3,用乙酸乙酯萃取3次.将萃取后的酸溶液用5%氨水溶液调节pH值至9~10,用乙酸乙酯萃取3次,得到总生物碱部分 40 g.该总碱部分用正相硅胶柱粗划段,再通过硅胶、凝胶(Sephadex LH-20)、中压、HPLC等色谱技术进行下一步的分离纯化.
将海南蕊木总碱部分用正相硅胶柱划段,采用氯仿∶甲醇=100∶1~1∶1(V/V),依次进行梯度洗脱,经TLC检测合并相同馏分得到4个部分(Fr.A~D).其中Fr.A(3 g)经正相硅胶柱色谱石油醚∶丙酮=20∶1~1∶1(V/V)梯度洗脱得到3个组分.Fr.A-1(900 mg)经中压RP-C18柱(V/V,甲醇∶水=10∶90~80∶20),经半制备HPLC(V/V,乙腈∶水=30∶70)分离纯化得到1(8 mg).Fr.A-2(1.5 g)经正相硅胶柱色谱(V/V,石油醚∶丙酮=6∶1~1∶1)得到6(8 mg).Fr.A-3(520 g)经过正向硅胶色谱柱(石油醚∶丙酮=15∶1~1∶1)得到2(8 mg).Fr.B(8 g)经正相硅胶柱色谱(石油醚∶丙酮=10∶1~1∶1)得到3个组分.其中Fr.B-1(800 mg)经过正向硅胶色谱柱(V/V,石油醚∶丙酮=7∶1~1∶1梯度洗脱)得到7(8 mg),Fr.B-2(2.2 g)经反向中压C18柱(V/V,甲醇∶水=10∶90~80∶20),经半制备HPLC(V/V,乙腈∶水=30∶70)得到11(12 mg).Fr.B-3(600 mg)经过正向硅胶色谱柱(V/V,石油醚∶丙酮=7∶1~1∶1),再经半制备HPLC(V/V,乙腈∶水=20∶80)得到10(8 mg).Fr.C(7 g)经反向中压C18柱(V/V,甲醇∶水=10∶90~80∶20),得到3个组分.Fr.C-1(1.1 g)经正相硅胶柱色谱(V/V,石油醚∶丙酮=8∶1~1∶1)得到5(16 mg).Fr.C-2(2.1 g)经中压RP-C18柱(V/V,甲醇∶水=10∶90~70∶30),再经半制备HPLC(V/V,乙腈∶水=20∶80)得到9(6 mg).Fr.C-3(2 g)经中压RP-C18柱(V/V,甲醇∶水=10∶90~70∶30),经半制备HPLC(V/V,乙腈∶水=20∶80)得到8(9 mg).Fr.D(7 g)经中压RP-C18柱(V/V,甲醇∶水=10∶90~80∶20),得到3个组分.Fr.D-1(650 mg)经硅胶柱(V/V,石油醚∶丙酮=8∶1~1∶1)得到3(10 mg).Fr.D-2(1.2 g)经中压RP-C18柱(V/V,甲醇∶水=10∶90~70∶30),再半制备HPLC(V/V,乙腈∶水=20∶80)得到12(5 mg).Fr.D-3(500 mg)经半制备HPLC(V/V,乙腈∶水=25∶75)得到4(9 mg).
化合物1无色油状物,分子式为:C19H22N2, ESI-MS (m/z): 279[M+H]+.1H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.47 (1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-9),7.35(1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-12),7.18(1H,t,J=7.8 Hz,H-11),7.13(1H,t,J=7.8 Hz,H-10),4.29(1H,s,H-21),1.02(3H,t,J=7.5 Hz,Me-l8);13C NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:133.6(s,C-13),130.3(s, C-2),128.2 (s, C-8),121.4(d, C-11),119.9(d, C-10),119.7(d, C-16),118.4(d, C-9),116.8(d, C-17),108.6(d, C-12),107.2(s, C-7),55.8(d, C-21),52.1 (t, C-5),45.5(t, C-3),37.3 (s, C-20),31.1(t, C-19),27.6(t, C-15),20.9(t, C-14),16.5(t, C-6),9.0(q, Me-18)以上数据与文献[2]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物1的结构为(-)-eburnamenine.
化合物2针状晶体,分子式为:C20H26N2O, ESI-MS (m/z):311[M+H]+.1H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.61(1H,d,J=7.7 Hz,H-9),7.49(1H,d,J=7.7 Hz,H-12),7.18(1H,t,J=7.7 Hz,H-11),7.16(1H,t,J=7.7 Hz,H-10),5.54(1H,dd,J=9.6,5.4 Hz,H-16),3.95(1H,s,H-21),3.37(3H,s,OMe),0.97(3H,t,J=7.6 Hz,Me-18);13C NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:136.7(s,C-13),128.4(s,C-8),121.3(d,C-11),120.0(d,C-10),118.1(d,C-9),111.8(d,C-12),105.9(s,C-7),82.4(d,C-16),58.8(d,C-21),50.8(t,C-5),50.7(q,OMe),44.2(t,C-3),36.6(t,C-17),36.6(s,C-20),28.8(t,С-19),25.3(t,C-15),20.6(t,C-14),16.9(t,C-6),7.7(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[2]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物2的结构为O-Methyl-vincanol.
化合物3无色油状,分子式为:C19H24N2O,ESI-MS (m/z):297[M + H]+.1H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ: 7.77(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-9),7.38 (1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-12),7.10(1H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-11),7.12(1H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-10),5.49 (1H, d,J=3.3 Hz,H-16),3.92(1H, s,H-21);13С NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ:136.9(s,С-13),129.6 (s,С-2),127.6 (d,C-8),121.6(d,C-11),117.8(d,C-9),102.5(d,C-12),104.2(s,C-7),75.8(d,C-16),58.7(d,C-21),50.5(t,C-5),43.8(t,C-3),42.1(t,C-17),36.7(s,C-20),28.1(t,C-19),24.0(t,C-15),19.1(t,C-14),16.2(t,C-6),7.3(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[3]基本一致,故鉴定化合物3的结构为epivincanol.
化合物4无色油状,分子式为:C21H22N2O4,ESI-MS (m/z):367[M+H]+.1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ:7.32 (1H, d,J=7.7 Hz,H-12),7.11(1H,t,J=7.7 Hz, H-11),6.88 (1H, t,J= 7.7 Hz,H-10), 6.75 (1H, d,J=7.7 Hz, H-9), 5.39 (1H, q,J=7.0 HZ,H-19),4.88(1H,br s,H-5),3.63(3H, s,OCH3),1.49(3H,dt,J=7.1 Hz,Me-18),13C NMR (100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:195.7(d,CHO),167.2(s,C-17),147.8(s,C-13),136.6(s,C-8),130.1(s,C-20),129.2(d,C-11),121.1(d,C-10),125.5(d,C-9),120.6(d,C-19),110.3(d,C-12),106.3(s,C-2),87.2(d,C-5),63.8(d,C-16),54.9(t,C-6),53.2(q,OCH3), 52.5 (s, C-7),51.9(d,C-3),44.8(t,C-21),29.8(d,C-15),20.4(t,C-14),12.8(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[4]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物4的结构为picralinal.
化合物5无色油状,分子式为:C21H24N2O3, ESI-MS (m/z): 353 [M+H]+.1H NMR(400 MHZ, DMSO-d6)δ: 7.61 (1H,d,J=7.7 Hz,H-12),7.38(1H,d,J=7.7 Hz,H-9),7.31(1H,t,J=7.7 Hz,H-10),7.12(1H,t,J=7.7 Hz H-11),3.69(3H,s,OCH3),3.21(3H,s,OCH3),1.54(3H,d,J=7.1 Hz,Me-18);13C NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:190.7(s,C-2),171.7(s,C-17),155.6(s,C-13),145.5(s,C-8),136.7(s,C-20),128.1(d,C-11),125.1(d,C-10),123.2(d,C-12),121.0(d,C-19),120.7(d,C-9),90.0(d,C-5),56.1(d,C-16),54.7(q,OCH3),53.5(s,C-7),51.5(q,C-22),51.5(d,C-3),50.3(t,C-21),38.5(t,C-6),35.9(t,C-14),32.7(d,C-15),13.0(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[5]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物5的结构为5-methoxystrictamine.
化合物6无色油状,分子式为:C19H22N2O3,ESI-MS (m/z):327[M+H]+.1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:9.16(1H,s,OH-21),7.77(1H,d,J=7.4 Hz,H-12),7.41(1H,t,J=7.4 Hz,H-10),7.34(1H,t,J=7.4 Hz,H-9),7.21 (1H, t,J=7.4 Hz,H-11),0.49(3H,t,J=7.4 Hz,Me);13C NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:176.5(s,C-2),165.3(s,C-5),155.5 (s,C-7),136.5(s,C-13),133.4(s,C-8),129.5(d,C-11),128.9(d,C-9),128.2(d,C-6),126.5(d,C-12),126.1(d,C-10),92.7(s,C-21),44.9(s,C-20),34.8 (t, C-3),32.1(t,C-16),27.7(t,C-19),25.2(t, C-17),24.4(t,C-15),19.8(t,C-14),7.2(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[6]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物6的结构为leuconolam.
化合物7无色油状,分子式为:C21H26N2O2,ESI-MS (m/z):339[M+H]+.1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.19(1H,d,J=7.5 Hz,H-12),6.99(1H,t,J=7.5 Hz,H-10),6.76 (1H,t,J=7.3 Hz,H-9),6.67(1H,d,J=7.5 Hz,H-11),3.75(3H,s,OCH3);13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3)δ:174.6(s,COOCH3),150.0(s,C-13),140.5(s,C-8),126.5(d,C-11),121.5 (d, C-9),119.6 (d,C-10),110.6(d,C-12),68.2(d,C-21),66.5(s,C-2),57.8(s,C-7),52.0(q,OCH3),49.9(t,C-5),47.5(t,C-3),43.9(d,C-16),36.5(t,C-15),34.6(t,C-6),33.8(t,C-19),33.8(t,C-18),32.1(t,C-17),31.5(s,C-20),17.0(t,C-14).以上数据与文献[7]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物7的结构为kopsinine.
化合物8无色油状,分子式为:C19H24N2,ESI-MS (m/z):281.1930[M+H]+.1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.18(1H,d,J=7.5 Hz,H-12),6.98(1H,t,J=7.5 Hz,H-10),6.75(1H,t,J=7.3 Hz,H-9),6.67(1H,d,J=7.5 Hz,H-11),;13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3)δ:150.0(s,C-13),140.5(s,C-8),126.5(d,C-11),121.5(d,C-9),119.6(d,C-10),110.6(d,C-12),68.2(d,C-21),66.5(s,C-2),57.8(s,C-7),49.9(t,C-5),47.5(t,C-3),36.5(t,C-15),34.6(t,C-6),33.8(t,C-19),33.8(t,C-18),32.1(t,C-17),31.5(s,C-20),26.5(t,C-16),17.0(t, C-14).以上数据与文献[10]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物8的结构为(-)-aspidofractinine.
化合物9无色油状,分子式为:C19H24N2O,ESI-MS (m/z):297[M+H]+.1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.21(1H,d,J=7.3 Hz,H-12),6.97(1H,t,J=7.5 Hz,H-10),6.77 (1H,t,J=7.3 Hz H-9),6.68(1H,d,J=7.5 Hz,H-11);13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3)δ:150.0(s,C-13),140.5(s,C-8),126.5(d,C-11),121.5(d,C-9),119.6(d,C-10),110.6(d,C-12),68.2(d,C-21),66.5 (s,C-2),68.4(d,C-16),57.8(s,C-7),49.9(t,C-5),47.5(t,C-3),36.5(t,C-15),34.6(t,C-6),33.8(t,C-19),33.8(t,C-18),32.1(t,C-17),31.5(s,C-20),17.0(t,C-14).以上数据与文献[11]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物9的结构为(2β,5β)-aspidofractinin-16-ol.
化合物10无色油状,分子式为:C21H23N3O4, ESI-MS (m/z):382[M+H]+.1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.24(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-12),7.09(1H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-9),6.78(1H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-10),6.14(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-11),3.64(3H,s,OCH3),1.50(3H,d,J=6.8 Hz,CH3).13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ:168.7(s, C-17),156.9(s,NCOO), 145.0(s,C-13),134.7(s,C-20),132.7(s,C-8),128.7(d,C-11),122.4(d,C-9),119.5(d,C-19),119.2(d,C-10),109.9(d,C-12),85.1(s,C-7),76.7(s,C-2),57.6(d, C-16),53.7(d,C-3),52.0(q,OCH3),51.3(t,C-21),46.6(t,C-5),31.3(d,C-15),26.7(t,C-14),23.2(t,C-6),12.0(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[8]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物10的结构为pleiomalicine.
化合物11无色油状,分子式为:C19H26N2O,ESI-MS (m/z):299[M+H]+.1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:10.60(1H,s,OH),7.34(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-12),7.27(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-9),7.01(1H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-10),6.93(1H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-11),0.87(3H,s,CH3).13C NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:136.5(s,C-13),136.5(s,C-2),127.2(s,C-8),120.6(d,C-11),118.7(d,C-10),117.8(d,C-9),111.4(d,C-12),106.6(s,C-7),60.6(t,C-21),60.3(d,C-3),59.0(t,C-17),53.2(t,C-5),42.1(t,C-20),37.1(t,C-15),36.2(t,C-14),35.6(t,C-16),23.5(t,C-19),22.1(t,C-6),11.4(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[9]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物11的结构为dihydrocorynantheol.
化合物12无色油状,分子式为:C22H26N2O4,ESI-MS (m/z):383.1893[M+H]+.1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ:7.73(1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-12),7.37(1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-9),7.19(1H,t,J=7.8 Hz,H-10),7.18(1H,t,J=7.8 Hz H-11),3.70(3H,s,OCH3),2.60(3H,s,CH3),1.75(3H,d,J=6.8 Hz,Me-18);13C NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:189.6(s,C-3),174.1(s,COOMe),136.5(s,C-13),134.6(s,C-20),134.5(s,C-2),128.6(s,C-8),126.7(d,C-11),122.3(d,C-19),120.9(d,C-9),120.4(d,C-10),119.8(s,C-7),111.8(d,C-12),69.8(t,C-17),57.9(t,C-5),52.1(s,C-16),51.4(t,C-21),50.6(q,OCH3),43.0(t,C-14),42.1(q,NCH3),32.9(t,C-15),18.3(t,C-6),12.3(q,C-18).以上数据与文献[12]报道基本一致,故鉴定化合物12的结构为vincadiffine.
对海南蕊木甲醇提取物的总生物碱部分进行了系统的化学成分研究,分离纯化并鉴定12个吲哚生物碱成分,分别为(-)-eburnamenine(1)、O-Methyl-vincanol(2)、epivincanol(3)、picralinal(4)、5-methoxystrictamine(5)、leuconolam(6)、kopsinine(7)、(-)-aspidofractinine(8)、(2β, 5β)-aspidofractinin-16-ol(9)、pleiomalicine(10)、dihydrocorynantheol(11)、vincadiffine(12).其中生物碱4、5和10~12为首次从从蕊木属中分离得到.