周冰涵 严小璇 蓝文贤 王春喜 曹春阳
摘要:为全面理解载脂蛋白B mRNA(ApoB mRNA)编辑酶催化多肽-1(APOBECl)的作用機制,介绍了APOBEC1和ApoB mRNA的蛋白及核酸序列,总结并绘制了APOBEC1与不同的辅助蛋白的结合模型,阐述了APOBEC1催化ApoB mRNA第6 666位的胞嘧啶(C6666)脱氨基化分子机制.列举了啮齿动物APOBEC1抑制多种逆转录病毒的研究报道,介绍了兔源APOBEC1结合人类免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)的病毒粒子并编辑病毒基因组的机理.同时介绍了APOBEC1通过编辑胞嘧啶或与AU富集元件(ARE)结合来调控癌症等疾病相关的细胞因子表达.
关键词:载脂蛋白B mRNA(ApoB mRNA);载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽-1(APOBECl);胞嘧啶脱氨基化
中图分类号:Q-71
文献标志码:A 文章编号:1000-5137(2020)02-0234-11
0引 言
载脂蛋白B mRNA(ApoB mRNA)编辑酶催化多肽(APOBEC家族)是一类胞嘧啶脱氨基酶,能催化单链RNA或单链DNA中的胞嘧啶脱氨基转化为尿嘧啶.APOBEC家族由活化诱导胞嘧啶脱氨基酶( AID),ApoB mRNA编辑酶催化多肽一l(APOBECI),APOBEC2,APOBEC3亚家族(APOBEC3A,APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3E, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H),以及APOBEC4组成.其中APOBEC1与AID串联排列于第12号染色体,APOBEC2位于第6号染色体,APOBEC3亚家族以串联重复的方式排列于第22号染色体[1],APOBEC4则位于第1号染色体[2],如图l(a)所不.APOBEC家族成员脱氨基催化活性由1个或2个锌指结构域提供,位于锌指结构域的氨基酸序列在APOBEC家族中相当保守:His-X-Glu-X23-28-Pro-Cys-X2-4-Cys(其中X表示任何氨基酸);AID,APOBEC1,APOBEC3A,APOBEC3C,APOBEC3H为单锌指催化结构域;APOBEC3B,APOBEC3D.APOBEC3F,APOBEC3G则含有2个锌指催化结构域,如图l(b)所示,而APOBEC2与APOBEC4暂无结构相关报道[2].APOBEC家族中研究最深入的是AID与APOBEC3亚家族,两者都有以DNA为底物的高效脱氨基催化活性,最广为人知的功能是在外源性病毒逆转录过程中对DNA进行编辑,使病毒DNA发生降解以抑制病毒逆转录过程,如人源APOBEC3G编辑人类免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)DNA以抑制HIV-1在人体中的复制.
APOBEC1是一种RNA胞嘧啶脱氨基酶,可特异性编辑ApoB mRNA,编辑DNA不是其主要功能[1].其功能特征具体体现在如下几个方面:1)与AID/APOBEC3相似的是,啮齿动物,尤其兔源APOBEC1蛋白通过RNA/DNA胞嘧啶脱氨基化的机制,抑制某些逆转录病毒的复制;2)随着更多的APOBEC1编辑靶标的鉴定,发现APOBEC1在包括癌症等疾病发生方面具有一定作用;3)APOBEC1也是APOBEC家族中唯一需要与特定的辅助蛋白形成复合物才能进行ApoB mRNA编辑的蛋白j3-4j.
近年来关于APOBEC1的研究范围越来越广,不再局限于ApoB mRNA的脱氨基化研究.APOBEC1在体内有大量RNA靶标,催化脱氨基化也不是其参与生理过程的唯一机制.为全面了解APOBEC1功能,促进APOBEC1在相关领域的研究,本文作者总结了近年来APOBEC1在生物功能方面的研究进展,介绍了基于同源建模预测的APOBEC1编辑胞嘧啶脱氨基化的分子机制,APOBEC1与辅助蛋白如何形成复合物识别并编辑ApoB mRNA的机制,和APOBEC1在逆转录病毒以及疾病方面的研究成果.
1 APOBEC1研究进展
1.1 APOBEC1功能域及结构研究
APOBEC1最初在ApoB mRNA编辑事件中被发现.人源APOBEC1与兔源APOBEC1包含236个氨基酸(aa),大鼠APOBEC1与小鼠APOBEC1包含229aa,人源APOBEC1与大鼠APOBEC1具有69%的序列相似性[5],构成锌指结构域的脱氨基活性位点H-X-E-X23-24-C-P-X2-4-C在APOBEC1同源蛋白中也十分保守[4];N端的碱性氨基酸R15,R16,R17,R33和K34被认为是核定位信号的一部分[6-7],它们对编辑反应很重要[8].MEHTA等[9]发现,APOBEC1的N端区域可能参与辅助蛋白的结合.APOBEC1蛋白均在C端173~210 aa处具有一段保守的亮氨酸富集区域180~196 aa.L180,L182,I185和L189的单突变体,以及P190A/P191A双突变体均导致APOBEC1部分或几乎完全失去编辑活性L8i.同位素标记以及高效液相色谱分析显示:APOBEC1可能以同源二聚体的方式存在[10],而APOBEC1的C端残基196~210 aa和221~229 aa对二聚体的形成有很重要的影响i8i,如图2所示.其次C端缺失的APOBEC1突变体(APOBEC1截短体1~172 aa和截短体1~196 aa)无法二聚并且无法编辑ApoB mRNA[8,ll],IKFDA等[5]发现APOBEC1的二聚结构需要RNA分子的介导.APOBEC1还能对单链DNA的胞嘧啶进行脱氨基催化i12i,基于酵母脱氨酶晶体结构模拟的APOBEC1结构模型支持这一结论[13].IKEDA等[5]发现兔源APOBEC1的C端亮氨酸富集区以及2个二聚体结构域均参与了其包装到HIV-1病毒粒子中的过程,C端结构域同时也是APOBEC1对病毒cDNA和基因组RNA发挥脱氨基活性必不可少的部分.
1.2 APOBEC1催化胞嘧啶脱氨基化的可能机制
APOBEC1能够特异性催化ApoB mRNA第6666位的胞嘧啶C6666脱氨基化转变为尿嘧啶(U6666),即ApoB mRNA C-to-U编辑,该处密码子则由C6666AA(Q2153)突变为终止密码子U6666AA,经过编辑的ApoBmRNA翻译后得到ApoB蛋白的截短体ApoB48(相对分子质量为241 000),未经编辑的ApoB mRNA则翻译为全长的ApoBl00(相对分子质量为512 000)[14],如图3(a)所示.ApoBl00在血液中运输内源性胆固醇和甘油三酸酯,而截短体ApoB48可代谢膳食脂类[15],但ApoBl00结合胆固醇并在血液中运输时有可能增加动脉粥样硬化的风险[16],所以APOBEC1对ApoB mRNA的脱氨基催化产物ApoB48可能降低动脉粥样硬化的风险.APOBEC1催化活性中心是一个锌指结构域,如图l(b)所示,脱氨基化活性位点为His-X-Glu-X23-24-Cys-Pro-X2-4一Cys[4],主要识别底物是RNA,也有研究报道APOBEC1能对DNA胞嘧啶催化脱氨基化[12,17].HARRIS等…根据细菌以及酵母胞嘧啶脱氨酶的结构研究预测了APOBEC蛋白对单链DNA脱氨基催化的分子机制,如图3(b)所示,首先,活性位点的组氨酸(His)和半胱氨酸(Cys)与锌离子(Zn2+)配位,此时一个水分子靠近活性位点;随后水分子在Zn2+作用下与谷氨酸( Glu)反应后生成一个氢氧根离子(OH-),激活了锌指结构域;激活后的Glu将胞嘧啶环的N3质子化,导致N3与C4双键不稳定,此时C4易于OH的进攻;OH进攻C4后其质子氢被Glu螯合,形成四面体的过渡态;最终,胞嘧啶的氨基侧基(-NH2)接受了被Glu螯合的质子氢,使碳氮键断裂,C4重新與氧原子(0)形成双键并从活性位点处释放尿嘧啶和氨(NH3),如图3(b)所不.APOBEC1催化DNA或RNA胞嘧啶脱氨基化可能也符合这一机制.
1.3 APOBEC1与辅助蛋白形成复合物对ApoB mRNAC6666脱氨基化
重组APOBEC1蛋白和细胞提取物的研究均证明仅凭单独的APOBEC1尽管能介导单胞嘧啶的脱氨基化反应,但不足以在体内或体外催化ApoB mRNA C-to-U编辑[18-19],需要与辅助蛋白APOBEC1互补因子(AICF)或RNA结合模体蛋白-47 (RBM47)形成有效的RNA编辑复合物[20-22].在ApoB mRNA的C-to-U编辑中,能被编辑的最小序列长26个核苷酸(lf)[23],这段序列从有袋动物到人类都高度保守[24-25].除被编辑位点C6666外,该序列还包含ApoB mRNA的位点特异性脱氨所需的其他3个顺式作用元件[26-28],如图4所示,第一个元件是位于C6666下游的特异性结合序列( mooring sequence,llnt),特异性结合序列不可编辑[23,26,29];第二个元件位于C6666和特异性结合序列之间的区域,称为间隔元件(spacerelement,2~8 nt),最佳长度为4 nt[28];第三个元件是富含AU的效率序列(efficiency sequence),位于C6666的上游,调节编辑反应的产量[30].
1998年,RICHARDSON等[18]提出被编辑的胞嘧啶核苷C6666周围的保守序列元件形成茎一环二级结构,其中C6666位于八环中.1999年,HERSBERGER等[33]提出另一种二级结构,其中特异性结合序列和5端的效率元件形成双链茎部,被编辑的胞苷位于单链区域而不是茎一环中.2005年,MARIS等[30]使用核磁光谱法解析了ApoB mRNA(31nt)的茎一环状结构,构建了APOBEC1互补因子(AICF)与ApoB mRNA的识别模型,如图5(a)所示,首先AICF识别并结合特异性识别序列,将茎部的双链结构解构象,破坏ApoB mRNA坚固的二级结构,使其展开并暴露出编辑位点C6666,随后APOBEC1得以靠近C6666并将其突变为U6666.2010年,GALLOWAY等[32]报道称AICF可能以二聚体的形式参与ApoB mRNA编辑.2011年ZANTO等[33]认为二聚体AICF在体外可能更容易稳定结合特异性识别的RNA序列,如图5(b)所示.根据FOSSAT等[4]构建的模型,如图5(c)所示,RBM47与APOBEC1及AICF均有相互作用,RBM47的N端RNA识别模体(RRM)结合了ApoB mRNA特异性识别序列,AICF与特异性识别序列的更下游结合,因为敲除AICF不会对整个脱氨基模型产生影响.
1.4 APOBEC1的抗逆转录病毒活性
APOBEC3蛋白亚家族是HIV-1限制因子.作为其同源蛋白,APOBEC1在体外也具有对单链DNA的脱氨基活性[12].但APOBEC1是否能调控病毒基因组从而影响病毒传播,是近年人们一直关注的研究方向.早期利用小鼠白血病病毒(MLV)或乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的小鼠模型研究发现,APOBEC1还具有抗病毒活性,感染MLV的小鼠脾细胞或感染HBV的小鼠肝细胞均检测到受APOBEC1特异性编辑过的病毒基因组,表明APOBEC1通过编辑病毒基因抑制病毒[34-35].近年的报道则揭示了更多逆转录病毒因子一定程度上受APOBEC1调控.GEE等[36]第一次阐释了APOBEC1或有抵抗单纯疱疹病毒l(HSV-1)的作用,大鼠幼崽神经元在感染HSV-1期间能诱导APOBEC1表达,体外研究证明APOBEC1通过脱氨基作用直接抑制病毒DNA的复制,这些都暗示APOBEC1或许可以发展为大鼠在脑炎背景下新的HSV-1感染抑制剂.IKEDA等[37]在细胞实验中发现来自多种哺乳动物的APOBEC1蛋白可以降低长散布核苷酸序列1(LINE-1)和长末端重复序列(LTRs)反转录转座子的迁移率和感染潜力,认为APOBEC1或许通过结合LINE-1的特殊RNA序列、LINE-1的开放阅读区,或逆转录相关的宿主蛋白的方式阻碍LINE-1逆转录.
APOBEC1自身能夠靶向转录因子的AU序列,但在ApoB mRNA脱氨基过程中却需要辅助蛋白结合特异性识别序列,因为对C6666脱氨基化不仅需要固定ApoB mRNA,还要将底物坚固的茎环结构动态性增强,使C6666与APOBEC1催化活性中心相互靠近,才能最终发挥脱氨基活性.那么APOBEC1在调控其他转录因子,如结合COX-2 mRNA或编辑LAMP-2 mRNA时,是否需要辅助蛋白呢?研究这些mRNA是否具有与ApoB mRNA相似的坚固构象或许有助于解答这个问题.过去发现ApoB mRNA C-to-U编辑几乎都发生在细胞核中,而曾经假定的APOBEC1核定位信号(NLS)并不能引导APOBEC1定位于细胞核[71],APOBEC1的细胞核定位可能依赖辅助蛋白的运输[20,22,72],所以辅助蛋白不仅具备结合核酸底物的能力,而且在细胞核一细胞质运输方面也发挥着重要的作用.另外,使用26~102 nt的ApoB mRNA发现底物的增长将提高编辑效率[72],在FOSSAT等[4]给出的模型中可以看到AICF与特异性结合序列的下游结合.目前的实验尚不能完全模拟出体内ApoB mRNA底物状态,要阐释体内ApoB mRNA C-to-U编辑的真实分子机制,需要解析出ApoB mRNA-APOBECl-RBM47-AICF复合物的真实结构,随着对APOBEC1研究的不断深入,发现APOBEC1的脱氨基催化活性在抗逆转录病毒中发挥着作用,最引人注目的是啮齿动物和兔源APOBEC1具有不受Vif影响的抗HIV-1活性,其中兔源APOBEC1能够高效地掺入病毒粒子并直接编辑病毒基因组,但脱氨基活性位点Glu63的突变并不能完全消除兔源APOBEC1的HIV-1抑制作用,说明兔源APOBEC1还以一种较弱的,不同于脱氨基催化的机制抵抗HIV-1,阐明这种机制有助于加深对APOBEC家族抗病毒功能的理解.
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(责任编辑:郁慧,顾浩然)
收稿日期:2019-12-20
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(21778065;91753119)
作者簡介:周冰涵(1995-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事结构生物学方面的研究.E-mail: bin曲am_Z@outlook.com
通信作者:曹春阳(1970-),男,研究员,主要从事结构生物学方面的研究.E-mail: ccao@mail.sioc.ac.cn
引用格式:周冰涵,严小璇,蓝文贤,等.胞嘧啶脱氨基酶APOBEC1研究进展[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2020,49(2):234-244.