如何攻克阅读理解推理判断题

山东

推理判断题在阅读理解中所占的比重较大，2017 年全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 中各有4、5、6个题考查，2018年全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 中各有5、8、4 个题考查，2019 年全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 中各有5 个题考查。此题型考查考生通过上下文的字面意思来推测其隐含的文意以及对作者写作目的、文章出处或文中人物的观点、态度或意图等进行正确判断的能力，即“领会字里行间的弦外之音” 的能力。推理判断题考查的是一种较高水平的逻辑思维能力，要求考生能领会阅读的字面含义和内涵，把已知和未知的信息有机结合，经过合理分析和整合形成一定的观点或评价，既应该斟酌细节又要考虑通篇文章的主旨大意，从而水到渠成地做出合理的推断。

实际上在平日考练中，笔者通过多次的错题统计发现，在四种阅读题型中，推理判断题的出错比重是最高的，学生受某种思维局限，其理解往往出现偏差，导致失分。下面以高考题中的推理判断题为例，从题干分类、选项中的陷阱和解题思路三个方面详细总结并分析，知己知彼，练就“顺应性思维”，即“顺应作者的思维”，从而准确解题。

一、推理判断题的分类

1.推断隐含意义（hidden meanings）

What is...expected to do?

What can we learn from Paragraph __________?

It can be inferred from the text that__________.

标志性词语：expect，infer，indicate，suggest，imply，conclude，be supposed to 等。

2.推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度、情感、品性（opinion,attitude,emotion,characteristic）

What does the author think of ...?

What’s the author’s attitude towards ...?

In the author’s opinion,__________.

Sb.thinks that __________.

What do we know/ learn about sb./ sth.in the passage?

How did...feel about...?

标志性词语：according to the writer，attitude，think of，opinion，consider，learn from，know from，feel about 等。

3.推断写作目的（purpose,intention）

What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage?

In the passage the author wants to tell__________.

The article is intended to __________.

标志性词语：purpose，intend to，show，design，want 等。

4.推断文章出处（article source）和读者对象（potential readers）

Where would this passage most probably appear?

The passage is most likely a part of __________.

Who is the passage intended for?

Who are the potential readers of the passage?

Who will get interested in the passage?

标志性词语：be taken from，appear，a part of，be taken out of，potential readers，target readers，interested 等。

5.推断上下文内容（context）

The next paragraph would most probably deal with__________.

The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss __________.

The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about __________.

标志性词语：following，preceding，discuss，happen 等。

二、推理判断题的六大解题陷阱

推理判断题是为了考查考生能否读懂文章中字里行间的隐含含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断作出客观的推理和结论。因此，命题者为了达到这个考查目的，常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题者精心设置的“陷阱”。

陷阱一：所选项背离了文章的主题思想。

【例1】（2019 年全国卷Ⅰ，B 篇）26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.

A.help students see their own strengths

B.assess students’ public speaking skills

C.prepare students for their future jobs

D.inspire students’ love for politics

考生根据第一段的“With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.”会误选B“评价学生的公共演讲技能”，而本篇文章的主题是“人与自我（学习与生活）”；主要讲述了教师Whaley 通过组织学生演讲来增强其自信的教学实践，B 项与此主题相悖。根据题干中“Whaley’s project”应定位在倒数第二段最后两句“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves.”，应选A。

陷阱二：所选项是原文事实的简化复述,未经过推理。

【例2】（2019 年全国卷Ⅱ，B 篇）27.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?

A.It gives her a sense of duty.

B.It makes her very happy.

C.It enables her to work hard.

D.It brings her material rewards.

考生根据第五段第二句“However,if others benefit in the process,and I get some reward too,does it really matter where my motivation lies?”会误选D，而D 项直接简单复述了原文“I get some reward”。根据第四段第二、三句“That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:Connecting to the community（社区） as you freely give your time，money,skills，or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.”其中的关键字眼“That relief is coupled...a real joy...feels so good”可以推测出作者愿意做志愿工作的理由，应选B。

陷阱三：所选项是主观臆断，而非根据文章客观叙述。

【例3】（2018 年全国卷Ⅰ，D 篇）32.What does the author think of new devices?

A.They are environment-friendly.

B.They are no better than the old.

C.They cost more to use at home.

D.They go out of style quickly.

科技说明文里面往往掺杂着一些专业术语，导致文章生涩难懂，若考生缺乏耐心仔细研读，容易根据常识主观判断而错选。本题易错选项是C 和D。根据第一段最后一句“That’s bad news for the environment -and our wallets -as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知旧设备既不环保又费钱，从而推理出新设备是环保的、省钱的，应选A。

陷阱四：所选项推理过度或以偏概全。

【例4】（2019 年全国卷Ⅰ，D 篇）32.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A.Unkind. B.Lonely.

C.Generous. D.Cool.

考生根据第一段第二句“I was the queen of the playground.”会误选D“很酷的”，而此句只是陈述了作者在同学中的受欢迎度，以偏概全，忽略了第一段首句“During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.”，根据此句可知，应选C。

陷阱五：所选项偷换概念。

【例5】（2019 年全国卷Ⅲ，B 篇）24.What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?

A.It promoted the sales of artworks.

B.It attracted a large number of visitors.

C.It showed ancient Chinese clothes.

D.It aimed to introduce Chinese models.

考生根据第三段的第一句“Earlier this year，the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art，...”会误选C，C 项把原文中的“fashionable”替换成了“ancient”，语义发生了相反的变化，考生往往会忽视类似的修饰性的关键信息的变化，导致误选。根据本段最后一句“The exhibition had record attendance，showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.”可知，应选B。

陷阱六：所选项逻辑关系颠倒，如因果倒置、手段与目的倒置等。

【例6】（2018 年全国卷Ⅲ，C 篇） 28.Wang’s winning of the prize means that Chinese architects are_______.

A.following the latest world trend

B.getting international recognition

C.working harder than ever before

D.relying on foreign architects

考生根据第一段“...many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.” 会误选C，而根据第二段第一句“Their efforts have been proven fruitful.”可知，中国建筑师的努力已经被证明是富有成效的，C 项是中国建筑师获得普利策建筑奖的原因，而非获奖的意义，即C 项属于因果倒置。根据第二段“Their efforts have been proven fruitful....He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.”可推断出B 项正确，中国建筑师获奖意味着中国建筑获得了国际认可。

三、解题思路

考生在平日备考中要多注意从整体上把握语篇内容，判断文章体裁，通过分析文章结构找到主题段，定位主题句，再分析其他各段与主题之间的关系，理清文章脉络和结构；还应学会理解字里行间的隐含意义，在已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，领会字里行间的“弦外之音”。具体方法如下：

1.根据体裁和主题进行推断。推断文章出处的题目应着重从体裁和主题内容来分析，也可结合语言风格来分析。

【例7】（2019 年全国卷Ⅰ，C 篇） 31.Where is this text most likely from?

A.A diary. B.A guidebook.

C.A novel. D.A magazine.

本题考查推测文章出处。本文是一篇科技说明文，通过分析文章可知是总分结构。第一段引出主题，介绍了目前市场上用于保护私人电子空间的生物测量技术存在的问题，即价格昂贵。第二段是主题段，第一句是主题句，主要介绍了Georgia Tech 团队发明了一种智能键盘，能解决以上提到的问题，然后说明其工作原理。根据文章的体裁和主题以及客观严谨的语言风格，可推测本文属于科普类文章，应选D，即（科学）杂志。

2.根据作者的观点推断。此方法适用于推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度、情感等。观点和态度一般分为三类：支持或乐观、反对或悲观、中立或客观。解答此类题目应多注意行文中的措辞，特别是具有感情色彩的形容词。

【例8】（2017 年全国卷Ⅰ，B 篇）27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?

A.It’s unexpected. B.It’s beautiful.

C.It’s humorous. D.It’s discouraging.

本题考查推测作者的情感和态度。本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者作为一位志愿者成功救助一只落在地上的猫头鹰幼鸟的故事。最后一段陈述了救助结果“A nervous night to be sure,but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all!The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings.I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.”根据本段内容及作者使用的表示美好结果的词语“smile on us all”“healthy and active”“the greatest sight”等可准确推断出B 项正确。

3.根据描述进行推断。在推理事件的走向或上下文的某种逻辑关系时，应根据文中的描述并顺应作者的写作思路进行符合逻辑的推断，最终判断是顺承关系、对比关系还是因果关系等。

【例9】（2015 年湖北卷，E 篇）70.What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?

A.Problems with the book.

B.Brooks’s life experiences.

C.Death of the characters.

D.Brooks’s translation skills.

本题考查推断上下文内容。根据最后一段“On the whole,Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect,his writing is mostly clear and,to be fair,some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed,for instance,the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters,the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.”尤其从最后两句中的“the more serious problems”和“These problems”可知，作者对存在的问题进行了详细的描述，提出了自己的疑问。由此可以推断下一段应该围绕着书中的“problems”展开。因此A 项正确。

4.根据题干定位信息处来推断。此方法适用于推断隐含含义或写作目的。有些题干给出了比较充分的信息，考生可在其指引下定位文中相关信息处，找到关键句，问题就会迎刃而解。

【例10】（2019 年全国卷Ⅱ，D 篇）33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?

A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.

B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.

C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.

D.To link space technology with school education.

本题考查文中所提到的项目的目的。根据题干中的“the purpose of the HUNCH program”可定位到原文第二段第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”句意为“HUNCH 的设计目的是将高中教室与NASA 的工程师联系在一起。”“high school classrooms” 对应D 项的“school education”，“NASA engineers”对应“space technology”，“connect with”对应“link with”。因此D 项正确。

5.根据逆向思维来推断。此方法适用于推断隐含含义。考生可根据题干问题和作者陈述进行反推，从而得出正确的结论。

【例11】（2018 年全国卷Ⅰ，D 篇）35.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?

A.Stop using them. B.Take them apart.

C.Upgrade them. D.Recycle them.

本题考查隐含意义。本文是一篇科普类的说明文，旨在劝说人们为了节约能源和保护环境，停止使用陈旧的电子设备，用新的多功能的电子产品代替。根据最后一段“So what’s the solution (解决方案)? The team’s dataonly went up to 2007,but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function,such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.”尤其从其中的最后一句可知，在平板电脑上观看更多随需应变的娱乐节目，而不是在电视和台式电脑上，可以减少44%的能源消耗。由此可逆向推断出陈旧的电子设备能耗大且不环保，应停止使用。因此应选A。

总之，考生在平日考练中只要多注意分析作者隐含在字里行间或流露于修辞手法中的信息，练就“顺应性思维”，就能准确理解“弦外之音”，有理有据地做出正确选择。