蒋慧 李亚清 付长永
[摘要] 目的 通過测定慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者血浆生长分化因子(GDF-15)的水平,探讨GDF-15在COPD严重程度分级和判断预后中的作用。方法 纳入2014年4月~2019年2月我院收治的99例COPD住院患者作为COPD组,按严重程度分为中度组(n=35)、重度组(n=33)、极重度组(n=31),记录各组的基线资料,并对相关指标进行比较。对COPD患者进行14个月随访,记录COPD不良事件。采用Spearman相关分析研究COPD中度、重度、极重度的GDF-15和CRP之间的相关性。并比较GDF-15和CRP区分对照组和COPD组的诊断效能,预测COPD组不良事件。结果 与对照组相比,COPD组患者CRP、GDF-15水平明显升高,CRP、GDF-15随COPD严重程度增加而明显升高(均P<0.05),在中度组COPD患者中,血浆中GDF-15与CRP浓度呈正相关(r=0.952,P<0.001),在重度组COPD患者中,血浆中GDF-15与CRP浓度呈正相关(r=0.951,P<0.001),在极重度组COPD患者中,血浆中GDF-15与CRP浓度呈正相关(r=0.973,P<0.001)。ROC曲线表明,血浆CRP、GDF-15对COPD诊断的AUC分别为0.764、0.900,最佳诊断临界值分别为10.45 mg/L、485.50 ng/mL。CRP、GDF-15二者联合诊断的AUC为0.091,血浆CRP、GDF-15对COPD不良事件预测的AUC分别为0.855、0.859,最佳诊断临界值分别为18.45 mg/L、720.95 ng/mL。CRP、GDF-15二者联合诊断的AUC为0.864。 结论 GDF-15和CRP均有助于判断COPD的严重程度,对预测患者病情的严重程度和预后有着积极的临床意义。
[关键词] 血浆生长分化因子-15;C反应蛋白;慢性阻塞性肺疾病;预后
[中图分类号] R563.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)29-0015-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the role of GDF-15 in predicting the severity and prognosis of COPD by determining the level of plasma growth differentiation factor(GDF-15) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods A total of 99 hospitalized patients with COPD in our hospital from April 2014 to February 2019 were included and divided into COPD group, which was divided into moderate group(n=35), severe group(n=33), and extremely severe group(n=31) according to the severity. Baseline data of each group were recorded, and relevant indicators were compared. Patients with COPD were followed up for 14 months and COPD adverse events were recorded. The correlation between moderate, severe and extremely severe GDF-15 and CRP in COPD were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. The diagnostic efficacy of GDF-15 and CRP in differentiating healthy group from COPD group and predicting adverse events in COPD group were compared. Results The CRP and GDF-15 in the COPD group were significantly higher than those in the control group. And CRP, GDF-15 increased significantly with the increase of COPD severity(P<0.05). In the moderate group of patients with COPD, GDF-15 in plasma was positively correlated with CRP concentration(r=0.952, P<0.001). In the severe group, GDF-15 and CRP in plasma were positively correlated(r=0.951, P<0.001). In the extremely severe group, GDF-15 in plasma was positively correlated with CRP(r=0.973, P<0.001). ROC curve showed that the AUC of plasma CRP and GDF-15 for the diagnosis of COPD were 0.764 and 0.900, respectively, and the optimal diagnostic thresholds were 10.45 mg/L and 485.50 ng/mL, respectively. The AUC of CRP combined with GDF-15 was 0.091, and the predictive AUC of plasma CRP combined with GDF-15 for adverse events of COPD were 0.855 and 0.859, respectively. The optimal diagnostic thresholds were 18.45 mg/L and 720.95 ng/mL. The AUC of CRP combined with GDF-15 for predicting diagnosis of COPD was 0.864. Conclusion GDF-15 and CRP are both helpful to determine the severity of COPD and have positive clinical significance in predicting the severity and prognosis of patients' disease.
[Key words] Plasma growth differentiation factor-15; C-reactive protein; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Prognosis
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)所致的肺动脉高压归类为肺动脉高压第三型,其发病机制尚不明确,较多的证据表明与肺组织慢性缺氧及相关炎症介质反应、反复的微血栓形成有关,肺动脉高压是COPD慢性病程发展的延续[1]。在系统性硬化性肺动脉高压、急性肺栓塞导致的肺动脉高压患者血浆中,生长分化因子-15(Growth differentiation factor -15,GDF-15)明显升高,以上研究显示GDF-15与肺动脉高压的发生有关,Lankeit 等[2-4]研究显示,GDF-15作为心肌缺血或心力衰竭时诱导的细胞因子,其在血浆中的表达水平可为急性肺栓塞患者提供独立的预后信息。目前关于GDF-15与COPD相关的报道甚少,GDF-15在COPD中的作用未知。本研究测定COPD患者血浆GDF-15水平,观察GDF-15与COPD严重程度和预后的关系,为COPD患者诊断、治疗、预防等提供参考价值,现报道如下。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
选取2014年4月~2019年2月在浙江省人民医院呼吸科住院的99例COPD患者为COPD组。依据诊治指南将患者分为3组:中度组(FEV1预计值50%~80%,n=35)、重度组(FEV1预计值30%~<50%,n=33)、极重度组(FEV1预计值<30%,n=31)。纳入标准:(1)所有患者的诊断均符合中华医学会呼吸病学分会COPD学组制定的《慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2013年修订版)》中COPD的诊断标准[3]。排除标准:FEV1预计值>80%的COPD轻度患者。选取同期体检中心健康体检者30例为对照组,其中男12例,女18例,年龄60~77岁,平均(64.8±4.4)岁。
1.2方法
对所有入选者的病历资料进行整理,记录入选者的一般资料(年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、吸入甾体类药物史)及实验室检测指标(GDF-15、CRP、BNP、D-D、PaO2、PaCO2),并将对照组与COPD组,COPD三个亚组进行归类整理,并进行统计学分析。
1.3观察指标
患者入院后24 h抽取静脉血,应用RayBiotech公司的酶免试剂盒测定GDF-15和B型利钠肽(BNP)的浓度。采用化学发光免疫法测定血清C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,采用SYSMEX CA7000全自动凝血分析仪测定D-二聚体(D-D),血气分析中记录PaO2值、PaCO2值。肺功能检测采用肺活量测量仪(Jaeger v4.31,德国)检测患者肺活量。
1.4 随访
COPD患者每月电话随访2次,共14个月,记录COPD不良事件,即呼吸衰竭死亡和再入院。
1.5统计学方法
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行处理。计数资料以[n(%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;计量资料以(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。相关分析采用Pearson或Spearman。多因素分析采用Logistic回归方程。运用受试者工作特性(Receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)分析CRP、GDF-15对COPD的诊断和预后价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1对照组与COPD组一般临床资料及CRP、GDF-15比较
對照组与COPD组的年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、PaO2之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PaCO2、D-D、BNP、CRP、GDF-15组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 COPD肺功能亚组间各项指标比较
2.3 COPD不同严重程度患者GDF-15和CRP之间的关系
在中度组COPD患者中,血浆中GDF-15与CRP浓度呈正相关(r=0.952,P<0.001),见图1;在重度组COPD患者中,血浆中GDF-15与CRP浓度呈正相关(r=0.951,P<0.001),见图2;在极重度组COPD患者中,血浆中GDF-15与CRP浓度呈正相关(r=0.973,P<0.001),见图3。
2.4 ROC曲线分析血浆CRP和GDF-15水平对COPD临床诊断价值
血浆CRP、GDF-15对COPD诊断的AUC分别为0.764、0.900,最佳诊断临界值分别为10.45 mg/L、485.50 ng/mL。CRP、GDF-15二者联合诊断的AUC为0.091,生化指标联合的诊断价值优于单一指标(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.5 ROC曲线分析血浆CRP和GDF-15水平对极重度COPD预后价值
对COPD患者进行随访14个月,COPD不良事件发生共23例,其中呼衰死亡3例,再住院20例。ROC曲线表明,血浆CRP、GDF-15对COPD不良事件预测的AUC分别为0.855、0.859,最佳诊断临界值分别为18.45 mg/L、720.95 ng/mL。CRP、GDF-15二者联合诊断的AUC为0.864,其预后价值优于单一指标(P<0.05)。见表4。
3讨论
GDF-15是转化生长因子β超家族成员之一,因最早在巨噬细胞内发现[4-6],同时也称为巨噬抑制因子-1(MIC-1),生理状态下在组织器官和血浆中低表达[7-8]。近年来,GDF已成为心血管疾病、糖尿病、肾功能不全、各种类型恶性肿瘤等疾病的恶化程度和不良预后的独立预测因素,有望作为癌症和慢性疾病新的生化标志物之一[9-10]。炎症反应与低氧使肺血管收缩、肺泡及肺血管床遭到不同程度的破坏、弥散功能障碍等是形成COPD的重要原因,研究显示[11-12]细胞在缺氧、缺血等损伤信号刺激下,其GDF-15表达显著增加。CRP是各种炎症因子诱导的急性期反应蛋白,在COPD患者肺组织损伤时增加。研究显示[13]严重程度越高的COPD患者血浆中CRP浓度增加明显,临床上常作为诊断和预测COPD恶化的分子标志物,但也缺少特异性。
本研究结果显示,GDF-15、CRP水平随COPD严重程度的递增而递增,肺动脉高压、预后不良患者的GDF-15、CRP水平明显高于预后良好的患者,差异有统计学意义,CRP水平在有无肺动脉高压患者之间差异无统计学意义。国内已有研究[14]表明,CRP有助于预测COPD患者的严重程度,与COPD患者预后密切相关。本研究显示GDF与CRP一样,与COPD患者病情严重程度及预后密切相关,与国外Mutlu 等[15]研究结果一致。
目前尚无能够准确诊断COPD有意义的生化指标或预测COPD恶化的生化指标,COPD严重程度分级依赖于临床FEV1/FVC、FEV1预计值和症状。Sanders 等[16]发现血浆GDF-15水平高的COPD患者恶化率及死亡率高,肺功能下降严重,尤其是FEV1和FVC值。因此,在COPD患者中寻找新型且有代表意义的血清标志物是非常重要的,对进一步预测患者疾病进展及预后有重要的参考价值[17-18]。本研究也存在一定的不足:(1)本研究为小样本试验,病例数偏少,需要进一步的多中心的大样本的临床研究确认GDF-15在COPD严重程度分级及预测不良预后上的价值。(2)COPD患者在治疗后血浆GDF-15水平是否随患者的恢复其浓度有所变化,分析其相关性更具有说服力。(3)本研究缺乏CRP、GDF-15二者联合用于COPD诊断及不良事件预测,或多指标联合分析,可提高COPD诊断和预后判断的准确性。(4)虽然血浆GDF-15水平升高提示与COPD或肺损伤有关,但GDF-15不是肺组织特异性指标,因此无法辨别GDF-15是来自肺组织还是其他脏器组织[19]。
综上所述,加深对GDF-15在COPD中的研究是十分重要的,其不仅可以为该疾病的病理生理发展发生过程提供重要的参考价值,还可以作为药物治疗的靶点,国外研究的动物模型中,采用靶向GDF-15的抗体治疗已出现癌症相关恶病质的逆转[20]。GDF-15血浆水平的升高与COPD患者病情严重程度及不良预后相关,使GDF-15有望成为潜在的治疗靶点。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-24)