倪培英
这三年在高考英语备考中笔者发现我校的学生对于解答阅读理解题准确率不高,缺乏背景知识,且对语篇的理解不透彻。《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》对高中阶段必修的理解性技能有如下规定:①从语篇中提取主要信息和观点,理解语篇要义;②理解语篇中显性或隐性的逻辑关系;③把握语篇中主要事件的来龙去脉;④抓住语篇中的关键概念和关键细节;⑤根据语篇标题预测语篇的主题和内容;⑥根据上下文线索或非文字信息推断词语的意义;⑦借助话语中的语气和语调理解说话者的意图等。阅读是我国考生学习和使用外语的最主要途径,因此,在高考中阅读理解题所占的权重较大。
阅读理解題主要的考查点为:细节理解、语义理解、主旨理解、推理判断等,相对比较之下,难度最大而且最容易出错的应该是推理判断题。这类试题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。主要是要求考生推断隐含意义,有时也会要求考生推断文章出处、识别语篇类型,以及推断文中人物或组织的观点态度等。
考点一:推断隐含意思
该类题一般是根据文章字面的语句推断出作者更深一层的含义,要求考生根据一些零碎的信息对语篇进行更深层次的理解,其常见的设题方式为“We can infer that . . .”“What can we infer about . . .?”“What can we infer from . . .?”“What can we learn about . . .?”“What do we learn about . . .?”“What will probably . . .?”
【典型例题剖析】2019年全国I卷
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president .The answer broke his heart .Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public .He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀)about themselves .
“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident .”
We can infer that the purpose of Whaley s project is to .
A .help students see their own strengths
B .assess students public speaking skills
C .prepare students for their future jobs
D .inspire students love for politics
解析: A .推理判断题 .根据倒数第二段“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public .He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves .”和最后一段“boasting about yourself,and your best qualities”可推知,Whaley老师发起总统竞选活动是为了帮助学生建立自信,看到自己的优点,“strength”意为“优点”,故答案选A。
解答这类试题,一定要根据文章提供的事实和线索去推断,而不是主观臆想,要做到推测有理,判断有据。因此,首先要在文中找到依据,然后理解其字面意思,再据此进行逻辑推理,做出判断,最后比较各选项,确定正确选项。即“一找二理,三推四比”。
考点二:推断文章出处
该类题偶尔会在全国卷出现,题干中常有“come from”或“take from”,要求考生根据文章的中心思想推断出文章的出处,应对全文进行理解,找出关键词块,再对选项进行理解,确定正确选项。
【典型例题剖析】2019年全国I卷
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量)technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces .At present, these technologies are still expensive, though .
. . . . . .
Where is this text most likely from?
A .A diary . B .A guidebook .
C .A novel . D .A magazine .
解析: D .推理判断题 .根据首段提到的“data and identity theft”和“fingerprint scans”这些关键词,再结合文章的主旨可知,本文介绍一种防止个人身份和数据在电子空间被盗的高科技智能键盘,由此可推断本文最有可能刊登在 (科学)杂志上。
解答这类试题,最主要是能抓住文章的中心思想,要根据文章内容、文体特征或某些关键词去推断。
考点三:识别语篇类型
这种题型主要是要求考生识别出文章是通知、报告、日记、科幻小说等各种不同的类型,在全国卷中出现的比较少,难度也不会很大,主要是抓住文章的主旨大意,再根据选项进行排查,最终确定正确选项。
【典型例题剖析】2014年全国课标I卷
The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF)is pleased to inform you of the
sixth annual Curiosity Challenge .The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing . . .
Students are being dared to draw a picture . . .
Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony . . .
. . .The program guidelines and other related information are available at: http:// cambridgesciencefestival .org .
What type of writing is this text?
A .An exhibition guide .
B .An art show review .
C .An announcement .
D .An official report .
解析: C .推理判斷题 .由第一句“The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF)is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge .剑桥科学节很高兴地通知您第六届创意挑战大赛”可知,这是一则通知,关键词是“inform you of . . .”。故选C项。其他选项“展览指南”“艺展评论”“官方报告”易排除。
这类试题的答题技巧可根据首句、文体特征和某些关键词来识别出语篇所属的类型。
考点四:推断文中人物或组织的观点态度
该类试题要求考生阅读文章中人物或组织相关的话语或描述,以此来推断出该人物或组织的观点态度,题目的题干中常出现“opinion”“attitude”“feel about”等词。
【典型例题剖析】2019年全国I卷
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard .Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates .The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts .The team hopes to make it to market in the near future .
30 .What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A .It ll be environment-friendly .
B .It ll reach consumers soon .
C .It ll be made of plastics .
D .It ll help speed up typing .
解析: B .推理判断题 .该题要求推理文中人物researchers的观点,根据最后一段“the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts .The team hopes to make it to market in the near future”可知,实现智能键盘商业化很容易,并且其造价并不昂贵,因此研发团队希望在不久的将来能将其投放市场;再对比选项“它将是环保的”“它很快就会到达消费者手中”“它将由塑料制成”“它有助于加快打字速度”,故答案为B。
解答该类题型考生首先应找出该人物或组织相关的话语或描述,或者所引用的句子和事例,理解语篇深层的含义,再根据选项进行排除,确定正确选项。
总结
近几年的高考试卷也一直秉承“突出语篇,强调应用,注重实际”的设计原则,将考试的重点放在语篇上,侧重考查学生的阅读能力,检测学生对语篇的解析和领悟能力。因此推理判断题通常要求考生不仅要理解语篇的文字信息,而且还要进行一定的推理和判断,并以此推断出文章的隐含意思。考生在作答该类题型的时候,切记不要加入个人的主观思想在其中,这种题型属于主观性很强的高层次阅读理解题,很多时候在作答的时候就把个人的想法考虑在内,因此导致得分率低,一定要根据文章中的细节信息,按照作者的思想倾向,特别是要根据一些含有某些感情色彩的单词和自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断,最终得出符合逻辑的结论,做到有理有据。
责任编辑 黄博彦