○杜存存
《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》教学建议明确指出:注重语言实践,培养学生的语言运用能力,以学生“能用英语做事情”的描述方式设定各级目标要求,旨在强调培养学生的语言综合运用能力。人教版小学英语教材中,单元主题语境多以人与人、人与生活、人与自然之间的话题为主线,与学生生活密切相关,在此基础上强化图话表述训练,从语言知识、语言思维、语言意识等方面提升学生学习能力,突出了英语学科的核心素养和教育价值。
本单元的教学围绕话题Ways to go to school展开,各部分的教学目标强调在特定语境中能够听、说、读、写重点单词和词组,如by plane,by train,by taxi,by ship,by bus,by sub⁃way,on foot...要求学生在图片的帮助下,能够听、说、读、写,并在语境中运用重点句型结构,如“We/You must...”,“Don’t...”,“How do you come to school?I usually/sometimes/often come on foot.”最后的Story time环节,要求学生能够通过图片信息完成相关活动,然后理解故事、朗读故事、表演故事以及能够恰当运用故事中的语言。结合单元总体目标和分课时目标,教师可以引导学生利用教材中的图片进行“观察—推测—表述”达成语言知识的输入与输出,帮助学生在语境中使用语言,并让他们在理解教学文本的同时,会读图识意、看图模仿、知图说句。
【教学片段一】
A Let’s try/Let’s talk是本单元第一课时的教材文本,结合图片可以看出本课的主题语境地点是school,由Mrs Smith,Amy和Mike的简短对话引出重点句型How do you come to school?I usually/often/sometimes...教师应引导学生快速进入语境进行图话表述训练,使学生的注意力从图画快速转到教材文本上。
T:Good morning,boys and girls!This is our new lesson.Let’s look at a picture.I have some questions.First,Who are they?
S1:They’re Mrs Smith,Amy and Mike.
T:Second,who can tell me“Where are they?”
……
T:Well!Maybe.Let’s open your English Book,listen and repeat by yourself!Then we can check“What are they talking?”
师生完成阅读前的图片推测后,教师引导学生进行跟读、分角色读等训练,并回答问题“How do Mike,Amy and Mrs Smith come to school?”,接下来的“Do a survey”活动前可以再设计一个Free talk,为进一步的对话训练做铺垫。
T:Today is Monday.It’s sunny.I often come to school by bike.If the forecast is for rain.I come by bus.How do you come to school?
S2:I usually come on foot.
T:Is it near our school?
S2:Yes,my home is near our school.
T:If the forecast is for rain.How do you come to school?
S3:If the forecast is for rain.I often come on foot with my umbrella or my father drives me.
T:Good!Can you ask your partner the same question?(出示PPT对话框架)
......
T:Good work!Let’s have a dialogue activi⁃ties.You can ask everyone in the class,do this survey,and complete the form.
以上教学片段中有两次Free talk设计,第一次是依据教材图片语境引导学生进入新课,第二次是借用师生的生活实际打开学生的英语思维,均是图话表述训练,让学生由图到意、由词到句再循序渐进到对话。图话表述训练既有情景说话要求的具体性,又有看图说话合理的顺序性,对于发展小学生的观察、思维及语言表达能力有着独特的作用。
【教学片段二】
A Let’s learn/Write and say是本单元第二课时的教材文本。借助多幅图片进行图话表述的拓展训练,是教学文本的延伸,教师要引导学生选择合适的图片,用已学过的语言表述“Where do I want to go?/I can go there and do some⁃thing I like./Who’s coming with me?”等句子,教学过程如下:
T:Boys and girls!Look at these pictures,how many ways do we travel?
Ss:We can travel on foot/by bike/by bus/by taxi/by subway/by train/by ship and by plane.
T:All right!We have to travel the right way for different places.Look at these pictures,who can make a sentence?
S1:I go to Sanya by plane.
T:Why do you want to go to Sanya?
S1:I like swimming at the beach.
T:Who will go with you?Safety First!Say the whole sentences,okay?
S1:OK.I like swimming at the beach.I go to Sanya by plane with my family.
T:Good job!Boys and girls,Let’s make sentences use these pictures with your part⁃ner.
......
片段二通过Teacher & Student的对话示范进行“Look-Think-Say”,学生借助图片进行图话表述,他们边看边思考,逐渐能够说出越来越多的语句,不仅培养了学生“用英语做事情”的语言自信,还渗透了家庭意识、安全意识以及正确的生活观,更能提升学生由句到篇的语言表达能力。
【教学片段三】
人教版小学英语教材每个单元的C部分都是Story time,本单元Story time共有六幅图,均是Amy和Annie两个女孩的对话,涉及四个主题语境,分别是Amy与Annie及家人在机场见面、餐厅用餐、步行过马路、讨论乘公交车等出行过程中的简短对话。本节故事课,教师以“Pre-read⁃ing,While-reading,Post-reading”步骤精心设计教学任务,此片段是Post-reading的Share-Free Talk环节。
T:What do you think after reading?What do you want to say,children?
S1:We must look left and right before crossing the road.
S2:We must look at the traffic signs care⁃fully.Choose the right side and train number.
S3:I see different traffic rules in different countries.
......
T:Wonderful,children!As you can see,We must have a good plan for our trip in differ⁃ent countries.Our country drives on the right,some countries drive on the left.For example,Chinese cars go on the right.British cars go on the left.Cross the road and look left and right.I’m sure many Chinese know this.But in Brit⁃ain,where vehicles drive on the left,looking left and right is not enough to cross the road.In the end,you have to look left again to make sure it’s safe.
本环节是教师帮助学生提炼、归纳,并让学生自由表达的过程。学生深入理解故事深层主题内涵并学会正确表达“Ways to go to every⁃where”。故事课教学不能只停留在教学文本的表面,教师要帮助学生理解故事并学会正确表达自己的观点,同时让他们了解不同国家存在着不一样的交通规则,逐渐渗透中西方文化差异。
通过学习,学生对话题Ways to Go to School的主题意义有了基本的认识,能够使用重点语言知识进行交流。教师可设计The Way in Our Life的图话表述活动,帮助学生深入解读主题,逐步提升语言综合运用能力。
【教学片段四】
设计The Way in Our Life主题系列进行图话表述,让学生说说“My Way to...”中Seesomething/Think-something/Do-something...学生读图识意,利用相关信息找到自己的出发点和目的地,如“Where do you live?Where do you want to go on weekend?How do you go there?Which way do you want to go?”同时,教师给学生一些提示词或词组,激发学生想要与同学一起分享自己路线的渴望,For example:When,Weather,turn left/right,cross the bridge,go straight this street,far from/near,by bike...引导学生先说一说、再写一写,要求用词得当、表达准确、条理清晰、字迹工整,不少于40词;学生自选评价方案:能说出不少于40词的可以得到三个“Medals”,能正确表达并超过40词的可以得到五个“Medals”。
For example:
I am Chen Hua.I live near No.1 Middle School.Today is Saturday,it’s sunny day.I want to go to the cinema to see a film with my sister.We can go there by bike.Turn right at my house,go straight and turn left at the first traffic lights.The Cinema is there,it’s near the library.(自评:Five Medals)
学生生活中除了每天或每周都需要经历的路线外,一定还有许多和家人出游的难忘经历,这些经历也是可以用图话表述出来的,因此可以设计“The way on my journey”这一话题的展示环节,需要有针对性地搜集一些提示信息,如About how far away?How do you go there?Which way do you want to go?How long will that take?How to pass the time in the car dur⁃ing the trip?帮助学生用正确的句子来描述自己的行程。
以单元主题为引领的小学英语课堂上,教师通过看图识意、图话表达,创设与主题意义密切相关的语境,充分挖掘教学文本信息,发展学生思维品质,培养学生的语言理解与语言表达能力,推动学生对主题意义的深度学习,从而树立正确的人生观和价值观,实现知行合一。
资料存盘
基于单元主题语境的图话表述教学,教师结合课标选用与学生生活密切相关的拓展话题,更容易引起学生的情感共鸣,激发学生积极表达的兴趣;设计的任务要有梯度、有层次,让处于不同语言学习阶段与不同语言基础的学生都能有收获,享受“英语思维”和“用英语做事情”的快乐并予以鼓励。教师要遵循学生的身心发展特点及规律,拓展他们思维的宽度、广度及深度,给他们足够的时间和空间,才能使其在英语素养的养成中行稳致远。