2020高考英语阅读理解失分分析及技巧点拨

【真题再现】 （2020浙江卷C）

This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan， made of friendliness and warmth， but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand， Mr. Bissell admires the architectural wonders， while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana， he attends a mountain funeral （葬礼） followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan， he is saddened by the dust storms， diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.

Which of the following best describes Mr. Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan？

A. Romantic.B. Eventful.

C. Pleasant.D. Dangerous.

推理判断题，根据原文中对汤姆·毕塞尔的各种见闻经历的描写可推知，其旅行是曲折丰富且充满故事的，所以B项正确。

考生在做推理判断题时失分很严重，但此类题型在阅读中却占很大比重。考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力，根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性、作者的倾向或意图、文章的论调等。考查类型一般分为四种：细节推理题、写作意图题、文章来源或读者对象题、作者态度倾向题，本期笔者就推理判断题谈一些应试技巧。

一、推理判断题问题形式

1. 细节推理判断题

一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断。

常见命题形式有：

It can be inferred / concluded from the text that .

The author implies / suggests that .

We may infer that .

Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated？

2. 预测推理判断题

根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测。

常见命题形式有：

What do you think will happen if / when...？

At the end of this passage， the writer might continue to write .

3. 推测文章来源或读者对象

常见命题形式有：

The passage is probably taken out of .

The passage would most likely be found in .

Where does this text probably come from？

4. 写作意图、目的、态度推断题

作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。

询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是：explain （解释）， prove （证明）， persuade （劝说）， advise （劝告）， comment （评论）， praise （赞扬）， criticize （批评）， entertain （娱乐）， demonstrate （举例说明）， argue （辩论）， tell （讲述）， analyze （分析）等。

询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：neutral （中立的）， sympathetic （同情的）， satisfied （满意的）， friendly （友好的）， enthusiastic （热情的）， subjective （主观的）， objective （客观的）， matteroffact （实事求是的）， pessimistic （悲观的）， optimistic （乐观的）， critical （批評的）， doubtful （怀疑的）， hostile （敌对的）， indifferent （冷淡的）， disappointed （失望的）。

常见命题形式：

The purpose of the text is .

What is the main purpose of the author writing the text？

By mentioning...， the author aims to show that .

What is the author's attitude towards...？

What is the author's opinion on...？

The author's tone in this passage is .

二、注意干扰项的特点

1. 将文章中的已知信息作为干扰项;2. 将不符合事实、逻辑的判断推理结果作为干扰项;3. 根据考生已有的常识来看是正确的，但是不是文章表达的意思;4. 推理过头。

三、推理判斷题技巧

推断题是考查大家透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据，切莫主观臆断。

① 那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。

② 杜绝仅凭个人的看法主观臆断，推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知;作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。

③ 要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法;不要脱离原文主观臆断。

1. （2020山东卷D）

According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research， both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）， it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first， 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly （表面上） participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began， each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state， the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit， taking more food than they normally would have. However， they took significantly more when the actor was thin.

For the second test， in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case， she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test： the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more， so will I. Call it the “I'll have what she's having” effect. However， we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion， I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot， I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim， why can't I？

1） Why did the researchers hire the actor？

A. To see how she would affect the participants.

B. To test if the participants could recognize her.

C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.

D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

2） On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph？

A. How hungry we are.

B. How slim we want to be.

C. How we perceive others.

D. How we feel about the food.

1） 推理判断题，根据原文第二段对于实验的描述可知，该实验是为了验证人们的饮食习惯受他人影响的程度，雇用这位“演员”就是为了给其他参与者施以影响，以此来观察这些人的反应，故答案选A。

2） 推理判断题，根据原文最后一段最后三句可知，人们会根据“饭友”的胖瘦来改变自己的食量，因为看到了饮食对他们身材的影响。所以我们对他人的观察决定了我们如何调整自己的饮食量，故答案选C。

2. （2020浙江卷C）

“This works just like physical exercise，” says Francisca Then， who led the study. “After a long run， you may feel like you're in pain， you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work—sure， you will feel tired， but it can help your brain stay healthy.”

How does Francisca Then explain her findings inparagraph 4？

A. By using an expert's words.

B. By making a comparison.

C. By referring to another study.

D. By introducing a concept.

推理判断题，根据原文“This works just like physical exercise”及本段中对于工作和运动的解释可知，Francisca Then把做具有挑战性的工作与身体锻炼作比较。故答案为B。

3. （2020浙江卷B）

In Bellevue， the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past， there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic： just widen the roads， says Mark Poch， the Bellevue Transportation Department's traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.

What can we learn from Bellevue's success？

A. It is rewarding to try new things.

B. The old methods still work today.

C. It pays to put theory into practice.

D. The simplest way is the best way.

【答案解析】 A。推理判断题，根据原文最后一段内容可知，贝尔维尤市采用智能红绿灯对于其他城市采取的创新举措有启示意义。由此可知，尝试新事物是有益处的。

不管怎么考，萬变不离其宗，解题时你会觉得胸有成竹，一分不失。

（作者：毛春霞，江苏省泰州市第三高级中学）