除了轨道穿楼 重庆还有“地名动物园”

杨玺

在我国，以动物命名的地名比比皆是，重庆也不例外。涉及最多的动物，当然是生活中最常见的马牛羊、鸡犬猪，如石马河、放牛坪、羊角堡、鸡冠石；此外，也有野生的狼虫虎豹、鱼鳖虾蟹，如虎头岩、大狼河、鱼嘴、虾子蝙；甚至连传说中的龙凤都加到了地名的行列，如化龙桥、凤鸣山，活脱脱一个“地名动物园”。

In our country， places named after animals are common， and Chongqing is no exception. The most common animals involved are the horses， cattle， sheep， chicken， dogs and pigs， such as Shimahe （literally means Stone Horse River）， Fangniuping （Cattle Herding Ground）， Yangjiaobao （Sheep Cornucopia Castle） and Jiguanshi （Comb Stone）. In addition， it also involves wild wolves， insects， tigers， leopards， fish， turtles， shrimps and crabs， such as Hutouyan（Tiger Head Rock）， Dalanghe （Big Wolf River）， Yuzui （Fish Mouth） and Xiazibian （Shrimp Bat）. Even the legendary dragons and phoenixes have been added to the list of place names， such as Hualongqiao （Dragon Bridge） and Fengming Mountain （Phoenix Singing Mountain）， endowing Chongqing another "name zoo".

飞禽走獸Birds and Beasts

大凡动物地名，都有历史根据、地貌特征或是掌故传说。

一般来说，用动物命名一个地方，离不开当地的地貌特征。尤其是重庆，山多水多、山势水势又变化多端，岩石也是有棱有角，很多地方都被附会成动物——

南岸鸡冠石曾是个繁华的渡船码头，码头旁有一块巨石，远看像一只耸立的公鸡，巨石顶端形如鸡冠，因此得名。以前船老板揽客过江，都会喊两嗓子：“过河哟，到鸡冠石了。”

鹅岭，是重庆人耳熟能详的地方，原名叫鹅项岭，也是得名于奇特的地理环境：这里的山岭很长，像鹅的颈项一样。离鹅岭不远，还有个鹅公岩。不过，此“鹅”非彼“鹅”。据说，文人龚靖皋在清道光25年经过这里时，看见有白鹤翔于岩上林中，即写下“鹤皋岩”三个字。“鹤皋岩”读起来有些拗口，重庆人念着念着就把“鹤皋岩”念成了“鹅公岩”。

《江北厅志》里还有一段关于猫儿石的记载，“嘉陵江岸，岩石狰拧，蹲立百仞，若捕鼠状。”讲的就是猫儿石得名的由来：嘉陵江岸边曾有块怪石，像蹲在地上准备抓老鼠的猫，因而得名。位于南岸区的野猫溪，也是因为当地一条小溪入长江处有块巨石形似野猫而得名。

在重庆地名文化研究专家李正权看来，这些动物地名都是重庆人“形象思维”的产物：例如，白象街因位于望龙门和太平门之间，两门之间有一巨石很像大象，而且石头白净，所以有了白象街之名；牛角沱因嘉陵江形成的回水沱像一个牛角而得名；虎头岩因一处悬岩像个虎头得名；鱼嘴因当地长江北岸的沱湾像个大鱼的嘴巴而得名；马鞍山因一座山像马鞍而得名；虎溪因溪水旁有一山岗像老虎饮水而得名……

除了用奇特的地貌特征来命名，一些动物地名里还藏着美丽的传说。比如位于渝北的鸳鸯，据说，鸳鸯原有一条小溪，水面上并列有两座桥，还有一棵枝干直搭到对岸的大树形成天然桥梁，就好像鸳鸯展翅一样。

此外，鸡冠石附近还有两个地方叫鳌鱼碛和猪老滩，都靠近铜锣峡。铜锣峡口的山上有一巨石，像一面横卧的大鼓，而鸡冠石附近又有一座寺庙叫古佛寺。于是，便有了“三牲敬古佛”的传说。所谓“三牲”就是鸡（冠石）、（鳌）鱼（碛）、猪（老滩），这三样是南方人祭祀常用的。敬“古佛”不仅献上了“三牲”，还有“铜锣”相伴、“大鼓”相应，传说也就更美好了。

All places named after animals have historical basis， geomorphological features or anecdotes and legends.

Generally speaking， naming a place after an animal cannot be separated from the local geomorphological features. Chongqing， in particular， has many mountains and water， with variable mountain and water potential， and angular rocks. No wonder many places in Chongqing are named after animals.

Jiguanshi （Comb Stone） in the Southern Bank District used to be a busy ferry wharf. There was a huge rock beside the wharf， which looked like a towering cock from a distance. As the top of the huge rock looks like a cock comb， hence the name. In the past， when the boatman took passengers across the river， he would shout twice："Crossing the river， we’re at the Comb Stone."

E’ling （Goose Neck）， a place well known to Chongqing people， was originally named Goose Neck Ridge for its unique geographical features： the ridges here are very long， which resemble the neck of a goose. Not far from E’ling （Goose Neck）， there is also a place called E’gongyan （Gander Rock）. However， the goose of E’gongyan （Gander Rock） is not the same as the "goose" of E’ling（Goose Neck）. It is said that when Gong Jinggao， a scholar， passed by here in the 25th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty， he saw a white crane flying in the forest on the rock， he immediately wrote the word "Hegaoyan"， literally means crane on the rock near high riverbank. As "Hegaoyan" is hard to pronounce， Chongqing people gradually mispronounced "Hegaoyan" as "E’gongyan".

There is also a record about A Stone of Cat in the Records of Jiangbei Provincial Government Department： "On the bank of Jialing River， the twisted rocks look like they’re squatting， trying to catch a mouse." That is why the name "A Stone of Cat" was given. Wild Cat Creek， located in Southern Bank District， is also named after a huge rock shaped like a wild cat at the place where a local stream enters the Yangtze River.

Li Zhengquan， an expert on Toponymy of Chongqing， reckoned that these animal place names are all th阿e products of Chongqing people’s "image thinking"： for example， White Elephant Street can be traced back to a huge rock between Wanglong Gate and Taiping Gate. As it looked like an elephant and the stone was white， the name of White Elephant Street was given.Ox Horn is named after the backwater branch formed by Jialing River， which looks like an ox horn. Tiger Head Rock is named after a hanging rock that looks like a tiger head. The fish mouth is named after the mouth of a big fish in bay branch on the north bank of the Yangtze River. Saddle Mountain is named after a mountain like a saddle. Tiger Creek is named after a mountain beside the stream that looks like a tiger drinking water...

In addition to naming them with peculiar geographical features， some animal place names also carry beautiful legends. For example， Mandarin Duck in Yubei， is said to have a small stream with two bridges juxtaposed on the water surface， and a tree whose branches stretch straight to the other side to form a natural bridge， just like Mandarin Duck its wings.

In addition， there are two places near Jiguanshi （Comb Stone） called Aoyuqi（Mythological Fish Moraine） and Zhulaotan （Pig Old Beach）， both close to Tongluo Gorge. There is a huge rock on the mountain at Tongluo Xiakou， like a large drum lying across， and there is another temple called the Ancient Buddhist Temple near Comb Stone. As a result， there is the legend of"three animals worship ancient Buddha". The socalled "three animals" are Chicken （Crown Stone），（Mythological ） Fish （Moraine） and Pig （Old Beach）， which are commonly used by southerners to offer sacrifices to gods and ancestors. To honor the "ancient Buddha"， people offered not only"three sacrifices"， but also the "Tongluo" and the"Drum"， making the legend even more mysterious.

攀龍附凤Hitching a Ride to the Sky on the Dragon and Phoenix

据统计，重庆的各种地名中，带“龙”字的镇街乡有82个，占到全市镇街乡总数的近十分之一，带“龙”字的行政村有711个，占全市的6.5%。

龙是中华吉祥文化中代表最高祥瑞的神物，自古以来与“龙”相关的事物都深受人们喜爱。重庆众多带“龙”字的地名中，除了寓意吉祥，还有一类则与和明朝建文帝朱允炆的传说有关。

李正权在《重庆地名杂谈》中提到：相传建文帝为躲避追杀，扮成和尚，从江苏、湖北一路流浪来到当年尚属荒凉的西南地区，川渝云贵几乎到处都有这个落难皇帝的传说，所到之处便留下很多带“龙”的地名，比如龙隐路、来龙巷、化龙桥等。

当然，也有一些“龙”是因为当地的地势特征。比如说九龙坡，以前长江枯水季节，王坪山下的长江会现出连绵数里的石滩，大小有九个。从山上望去，九个石滩合在一起就像一个龙头，被人们称为九龙滩。九龙滩岸边有一处老重庆少见的平坝，有人开了几间铺子，也被叫为九龙铺。再后来，“九龙铺”被叫成了“九龙坡”。

有龙就有凤，重庆不少地名都带“凤”字，如凤鸣山、凤凰山、金凤镇、凤凰镇、凤栖路、龙凤桥、双凤桥。

古人常说，“说话有音，地名有根”。这些动物地名，就像一本本历史书，客观记录了巴渝大地千奇百怪的地理环境。穿越时空隧道，透过这些动物地名，我们或许可以窥见巴渝文化的些许文脉。

According to statistics， among all kinds of place names in Chongqing， there are 82 towns， streets and townships with the word "dragon"， accounting for nearly one tenth of the total number of towns， streets and townships in the city， and 711 administrative villages with the word "dragon"， accounting for 6.5% of the city.

Dragon is a sacred object representing the most auspicious sign in Chinese culture. Since ancient times， things related to "dragon" have been deeply loved by people. Besides being a symbol of good fortune， some places with the word "dragon" are related to the legend of Zhu Yunwen， Jianwen Emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

Li Zhengquan mentioned in the Discussion of Place Names in Chongqing that Jianwen Emperor， dressed as a monk， traveled all the way from Jiangsu and Hubei to the desolate southwest region in those days. Legend of the pitiable emperor spreads everywhere in Sichuan， Chongqing， Yunnan and Guizhou， leaving many place names with the word "dragon"， such as Longyin （Dragon） Road， Lailong （Dragon） Lane and Hualong （Dragon） Bridge.

Undoubtedly， some place names include the word dragon because of the topography of the area. Take Jiulongpo （Nine Dragons Slope） as an example. In the dry season of the Yangtze River before， there would be nine stone beaches of several miles in the Yangtze River at the foot of Wang Ping Mountain. Looking down from the mountain， the nine stone beaches together look like a dragon head， which is called Nine Dragons Beach. There is a rare flat dam in old Chongqing on the bank of Jiulongtan （Nine Dragons Beach）. Some people opened several shops， also known as Jiulongpu （Nine Dragons Shop）. Later， "Jiulongpu（Nine Dragons Shop）" was called "Nine Dragons Slope".

Where there is a dragon， there is a phoenix. Many place names in Chongqing carry the word"phoenix"， such as Phoenix Singing Mountain（Fengming Mountain）， Phoenix Mountain（Fenghuang Mountain）， Golden Phoenix Town（Jinfeng Town）， Phoenix Town （Fenghuang Town）， Phoenix Perching Road （Fengqi Road）， Dragon Phoenix Bridge （Longfeng Bridge） and Double Phoenixes Bridge （Shuangfeng Bridge）.

As the saying often goes， "Voice comes from the sound， and place names can be traced to their roots". These animal place names， like history books， objectively record the strange geographical features in Bayu. Indeed， these animal place names have offered us an intriguing glimpse into Bayu culture.