Occurrence and Damage Characteristics of Sugarcane Catastrophic Diseases and Pests in Menglian Sugarcane Area and Their Prevention and Control Strategies

Hanshu ZHANG Xiaoyan CANG Gang DU Hongli SHAN Rongyue ZHANG Xiaoyan WANG You ZHOU Jie LI Yingkun HUANG

Abstract In recent years， the conditions of continuous warm winter， more rain and high humidity are very beneficial to the breeding and survival of sugarcane diseases and pests. Coupled with the degradation of single varieties， more attention on new plants and less on ratoon cane and the unscientific and unreasonable use of chemical pesticides， the types of sugarcane diseases and pests in the Menglian sugarcane area are increasing day by day， and the damage is increasing year by year， resulting in a substantial reduction in production and sugar， and a serious disaster threat to sugarcane production. Based on the field survey and the current sugarcane production practice in Menglian， this paper systematically reviewed the occurrence and damage dynamics and outbreak reasons of catastrophic diseases and pests that seriously influence sugarcane production， and proposed corresponding prevention and control strategies and integrated prevention and control technology according to the occurrence and damage characteristics of catastrophic diseases and pests.

Key words Menglian sugarcane area; Sugarcane; Catastrophic diseases and pests; Occurrence of hazards; Prevention and control strategies

Yunnan is the second largest sugar base in the country. During the "12th Five-Year Plan" period， the sugarcane planting area of the province has exceeded 333 333 hm2 and the sugar output is over 2.3 million tons. The sugar industry plays an important role in promoting economic development， increasing farmers income and local financial growth in Yunnans frontier minority areas[1].

Menglian County is a sugar base county that is a key development area of the national sugarcane superior agricultural products regional layout plan， as well as a key sugar cane base in Yunnan. It has abundant hotspot resources， good vegetation protection and no industrial pollution， and is one of the best areas for producing green sugar. Through years of unremitting efforts， the sugarcane planting area of Menglian County has reached more than 12 667 hm2 （including 4 667 hm2 of overseas alternative cultivation）， covering 367 groups of 33 village committees in 6 townships （towns） and making a positive contribution to picking hats in poverty-stricken counties in Menglian. In the 2017/2018 season， the comprehensive output value reached 1.2 billion yuan and the tax revenue was 14.05 million yuan; and the per capita annual income of sugarcane farmers was more than 6 000 yuan， accounting for more than 60% of farmers income. The sugar industry has become an important source of financial income for Menglian County and a ballast stone for the continued steady increase in income of the poor， occupying an important position and role in national economic construction. The rise and fall of the sugar industry and the good and bad development will directly affect the national economic and social development of Menglian County. However， in recent years， Menglian sugarcane planting areas have been concentrated， and changes in planting methods and long-term continuous cropping have become increasingly prominent， especially in recent years due to extreme climate changes， single sugarcane varieties and reduced resistance in declining species. As a result， sugarcane diseases and pests are accumulating and aggravating， and multiple diseases and pests occur together， spread rapidly， and cause serious damage， further resulting in low sugarcane yield， fewer years of ratoon cane， high production costs， and poor industrial benefits[2]. How can we effectively prevent and control sugarcane diseases and pests has become an important task in the high-quality development of the sugarcane industry. In this study， based on the field survey and the current sugarcane production practice in Menglian County， the occurrence and damage dynamics of catastrophic diseases and pests that seriously affect sugarcane production was analyzed， and corresponding prevention and control strategy and integrated prevention and control technology were proposed according to their occurrence and damage characteristics.

Occurrence Dynamics of Catastrophic Diseases and Pests That Seriously Influence Sugarcane

Sugarcane borers

The borers are the most common and most harmful pest in the Menglian sugarcane area. The typical borer pests are easy to spread with introduction. Borers in Menglian mainly include such five kinds as Sesamia inferens Walker， Chilo infuscatellus Snellen， Argyroploce schistaceana （Snellen）， Proceras venosatus （Walker） and Tryporyza intacta Snellen[2-4]. S. inferens mainly damages the paddy field cane， C. infuscatellus mainly damages the dry land cane， and A. schistaceana is widely distributed， and has the greatest influence on ratoon cane. At present， the mixed occurrence of a variety of cane borers in the Menglian sugarcane area is seriously harmful， with a percentage of dead hearts of 10.33%-68.82% caused by borers at the seedling stage， a percentage of bored stems of more than 70% at the middle and late stages， and a reduction in yield of more than 30%， affecting the sugarcane sugar content of 4.19° Bx. In recent years， the climate of Menglian is particularly rainy and humid， and the new pests， P. venosatus and T. intacta， have populations growing too fast and show an obvious outbreak trend. In particular， the large populations of the 4th to 5th generations in the middle and late periods have increased the loss. According to preliminary survey statistics， the pests commonly occurred in Mengxin， Nayun and Jingxin of the Menglian sugarcane area， covering an area of more than 80%， and severely occurring losses covering 20%-30% of the area accounted for more than 50%， and borers are currently key targets for monitored and prevented in Menglian[2-4].

Sugarcane underground pests

Underground pests are an important class of pests that seriously damage sugarcane production of Menglian. They mainly include Exolontha serrulata （Gyllenhal）， Alissonotum impressicolle Arrow， Alissonotum pauper （Burmeister）[2，5]， Odontotermes formosanus （Shiraki）， and Macrotermes barneyi Light[2]. Among them， termites occur most commonly and cause the most serious harm[2，6]. They cause a reduction of 30%-50% in sugarcane production generally， even a total loss in severe cases， and reduce sugar content by 3%-5%， and the ratoons can only be retained for 1 year， which causes the cost of planting sugarcane to increase by 20%-40%， which seriously dampens farmers enthusiasm for planting sugar cane[2，6].

Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner

C. lanigera occurs most commonly in the Menglian sugarcane area， causing serious damage， and its occurrence area can reach 80% of the planting area[2，7]. Especially in recent years， autumn or winter planting has been implemented， and the complex cultivation system provides cotton aphids with sufficient food and transfers damage， which， plus successive years of hot drought and less rain， is conducive to the rapid reproduction and population development of C. lanigera， which shows an increasing damage every year. Adult aphids and nymphs crowd on both sides of the midrib of the back of sugarcane leaves to suck the leaf fluid， making the sugarcane leaves withered， and the pests secreted honeydew adhered to the leaves， causing dark mildew which affects leaf photosynthesis and further causes sugarcane growth to be hindered， sugarcane yield to decrease and sugar quality to degrade. C. lanigera is a pest that should be controlled in the Menglian sugarcane area during the growing season. If not controlled in time， it often causes damage and serious reduction in production and sugar.

Spodoptera frugiperda （J. E. Smmith） and Mythimna separata （Walker）

S. frugiperda （J. E. Smmith） is one of the major migratory pests in the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizations global warning[8]， which belongs to Noctuidae of Lepidoptera. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas， and mainly damages crops including corn， rice， sugarcane and tobacco[9]. Since it was discovered on January 11， 2019 when it invaded Yunnan from Myanmar and caused some damage to winter corn， it has started to colonize and multiply in China. In 2019， Menglians main producing villages and towns have successively discovered its damage to sugarcane and corn. The immigration occurred earlier in 2020， and the sources of foreign pests continue to move in. The domestic and foreign pest sources superimpose， and the situation is more serious and the prevention and control tasks are more difficult. Mythimna separata （Walker） is widely distributed in the Menglian sugarcane area， and occurs commonly. It is an important sudden and fulminant leaf-eating pest in the large growth period of sugarcane[2]. In the past， M. separata rarely harmed sugarcane. In recent years， the frequency of occurrence has increased and the harm has increased. From June to August， it often outbreaks， and damages sugarcane， corn， rice and other crops. M. separata eats sugarcane leaves with larvae， and can eat up a large amount of sugarcane leaves when there is a large outbreak， leaving only the veins， seriously affecting the growth of sugarcane plants and causes great losses to sugarcane production.

Sugarcane tip rot

Sugarcane tip rot caused by Gibberella moniliformis （Sheldon） Wineland infection is an important sugarcane fungal disease[2，10]. It was first discovered in Java in 1890 and is now widely distributed in many sugarcane growing countries and regions in the world[2，10]. At present， it is distributed in all Menglian sugarcane areas. It sporadically occurred before the 1980s， and did not pose a threat to sugarcane production. Since 2002， with the widespread application of Yuetang 93-159， Xintaitang No.25， Yunyin No.58 and other susceptible varieties， it has occurred frequently and has become increasingly serious. Especially in recent years， the heavy rain and high humidity combined with the large-scale cultivation of the susceptible varieties Yuetang 93-159， ROC25， ROC22 and Yunyin 58 have led to a large-scale outbreak of tip rot in major towns such as Mangxin， Nayun and Jingxin， causing disasters and serious reductions in production and sugar. Sugarcane production is facing an increasingly severe disaster threat. Surveys have shown that the susceptible varieties can be severely diseased， often causing a large number of cane stems to die， with an average disease rate of 81.1%， an average yield loss of measured sugarcane of 38.42%， and an average reduction of sugarcane sugar content of 3.14%[2]. Sugarcane tip rot is an epidemic disease that occurs during the rainy and humid season and spreads rapidly. High temperature and high humidity， poor ventilation and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer are conducive to the prevalence of this disease. It is very likely to occur from July to October[2].

Sugarcane brown stripe

Brown stripe disease is the most common epidemic disease that harms the leaves of sugarcane. The pathogenic fungi are Cochliobolus stenospilus （Drech.） Mat. and Yam. at the sexual stage and Helminthosporium stenospilum Drechsler at the asexual stage[2，10]. It was first discovered in Cuba in 1924[10]， but is now widely distributed in the Menglian sugarcane area. It sporadically occurred in the past， and did not pose a threat to sugarcane production. However， in recent years， due to abnormal climate， the disease has continued to spread widely in major producing villages and towns such as Mangxin， Nayun， Jingxin， Gongxin， Fuyan and Mengma， which has caused damage to large areas of sugarcane. In particular， brown stripe disease is more serious in sugarcane areas planted with Yuetang 93-159， Yunyin No.3 and Liucheng 03-1137 in large areas and fields that have been planted with sugarcane continuously for a long term， and it looks like a "fire" at a glance in such condition. In severely diseased fields， the yield is generally reduced by 18% to 35%， and the sucrose content is reduced by 15% to 30%. Brown stripe disease is a major monitored and controlled disease for all major villages and towns during the growing season. It occurs mostly in areas where the soil is barren or lacks phosphorus and potassium and there is much rain and high humidity. It is most prone to outbreak from August to October. Yuetang 93-159， ROC25， Yunyin 3， Yuetang 00-236 and Liucheng 03-1137 are susceptible to this disease[2].

Sugarcane rust

Sugarcane rust is one of the most important diseases that harm the leaves of sugarcane. The disease in Yunnan sugarcane area is mainly caused by Puccina melanocephala H. Sydow & P. Sydow[2，10]. It occurred sporadically in local sugarcane areas such as Changning and Gengma in Yunnan in 1982， and was later reported in sugarcane areas such as Fujian， Guangdong， Guangxi， and Hainan[2，11]. It occurs mostly in the humid sugarcane areas of Yunnan and Guangxi， which have a lot of rain， heavy dew， and high humidity. Yuetang 60， Dezhe 03-83， Funong 1110， Liucheng 03-1137 and Yuncan 06-407 are susceptible to this disease. Fields with severe disease generally suffer a reduction in production by 15%-30% and sucrose content by 10%-36%. In 2015-2019， the rainy season in the Menglian sugarcane area came early and lasted for a long time， during which there were many rainy days， less sunshine， high temperature and high humidity， in addition to the large-scale continuous planting of highly-susceptible varieties Yuetang 60， Liucheng 03-1137 and Dezhe 08-83， rust widespread in the Menglian sugarcane area. With widespread outbreaks and damages， rust has an increasingly serious trend[2].

Sugarcane ratoon stunting disease

Sugarcane ratoon stunting disease is an important disease commonly occurring in various sugarcane planting areas in the world and is caused by Leifsonia xyli subsp.xyli （Lxx）[2，10].   Through sampling and diagnosis in Menglian， the existence of RSD in 2015 was verified. After a census of the sugarcane area， the results showed that the main producing villages and towns such as Mangxin， Ali， Gongxin， Mengping， Hedao， Mengbai， Laga and Fuyan were all detected with RSD， and 49 of 61 samples were positive carriers， accounting for 80.33%. It could be seen that RSD was serious in the Menglian sugarcane area， and the main varieties in fields， Yuetang 93-159， ROC20， ROC22， Yuetang 00-236， Yunyin No.58， Yunyin No.10， Yunyin No.3， Yunyin No.42 and Yuetang No.60 were all diseased. RSD generally leads to a 10% to 30% reduction in output， and it is severer in case of drought， resulting in a rate of reduction as high as 60%. In recent years， major sugarcane varieties such as Yuetang 93-159 and Yunyin 58 planted in large areas in the Menglian sugarcane area have been infected seriously due to the accumulation of RSD bacteria， and have been deteriorating year by year， seriously restricting the development of the sugarcane industry[2，12-13].

Hanshu ZHANG et al. Occurrence and Damage Characteristics of Sugarcane Catastrophic Diseases and Pests in Menglian Sugarcane Area and Their Prevention and Control Strategies

Disaster Prevention and Control Strategy and Integrated Prevention and Control Technology

Prevention and control strategy

We should adhere to the "prevention first， comprehensive prevention and control" policy， focus on important diseases and pests mainly and control secondary diseases and pests simultaneously， and establish the "scientific plant protection， public plant protection， green plant protection" concept. It is necessary to pay attention to monitoring disease and pest， strengthening technical guidance， and enhancing emergency disease prevention and control capabilities. We should also pay attention to selecting disease-resistant varieties， vigorously promoting warm water-detoxified seedlings， accelerating the transformation of pest control methods， vigorously promoting scientific chemical and biological green prevention and control， and building a resource-saving and environmentally friendly pest management system， to achieve comprehensive prevention and control of sugarcane diseases and pests， pesticide reduction and harm control， and sugarcane quality and production efficiency improvement.

Integrated prevention and control technology

Strengthen sugarcane introduction and quarantine

Quarantine can effectively prevent the spread of dangerous diseases and pests from diseased areas to disease-free areas. In the work of introduction， adjustment and reproduction， quarantine should be done well. First， we should master and understand the occurrence of diseases and pests in sugarcane areas， avoid introducing seeds from the occurrence area， and prevent the introduction of dangerous diseases and pests. Second， the introduction of sugarcane seeds should be concentrated and strengthened， and the monitoring of diseases and pests should be strengthened. Once dangerous diseases and insects are found， they should be controlled or destroyed in time to control their spread. Third， we should carefully remove the residues by burning and cutting， and soak the seeds with 50% carbendazim wettable powder plus 40% chlorantraniliprole·thiamethoxam 1 000-fold liquid for 10 min， or treat the seeds with warm water detoxification equipment at 50 ℃ warm water for 2 h[2].

Focus on cultivating and selecting resistant varieties

The most economical and effective measure for the prevention and control of sugarcane diseases and pests is the selection of resistant varieties. At present， the sugarcane varieties planted in Menglian County have a single structure with severe aging and poor resistance to diseases and pests. The occurrence of sugarcane diseases and pests is widespread， and the damage caused is getting worse. To solve this problem， the most economical and effective way is to pay attention to the introduction and selection of new varieties that can resist important diseases and pests in the sugarcane area for sugarcane farmers to plant. In addition， the introduction of varieties into a sugarcane area should be combined with the occurrence of diseases and pests in the sugarcane area， and attention should be paid to the understanding of resistance in varieties to diseases and pests， in order to introduce disease-resistant varieties as much as possible. Meanwhile， for the introduction of varieties， we should strengthen the observation of the performance of pests and diseases， and weed out varieties susceptible to diseases and pests as soon as possible， such that the promotion of varieties could be reasonably arranged， and the occurrence of pests and diseases in the Menglian sugarcane area could be fundamentally controlled.

Vigorously promote the use of warm water detoxified seedlings

Detection results showed that the large-scale main varieties of Yuelian 93-159 and Yunyin 58 in the Menglian sugarcane area are highly susceptible to RSD， with a positive detection rate as high as 80.33%. Promoting warm water detoxified seedlings is the most economical and effective measure to prevent and control seed-borne diseases. In 2015， Menglian sugar factory built a warm water detoxified seedling production workshop， with an annual production capacity of more than 1 000 tons of warm water detoxified seedlings， laying a good foundation for the promotion and application of warm water detoxified seedlings. We should give full play to the advantages of warm water detoxification technology， establish a normalized and standardized system for the production and reproduction of warm water detoxified seedlings， and vigorously promote the use of warm water detoxified seedlings.

Apply lamp trapping technology in a large scale

In view of the strong phototaxis of adult pests such as sugarcane borers， beetles， termites and armyworms and S. frugiperda， using solar frequency-vibrancy pest-killing lamps to trap and kill adults can reduce the initial population number， protect sugarcane seedlings and reduce harm. From March to July， one lamp can be installed to kill insects every 2-4 hm2， according to an installation height of 1.0-1.5 m， and the lighting time is from 20：00 to 22：00[2].

Scientifically guide， demonstrate and promote biological control techniques

From March to July， during the flourishing period of borer adults， 3 to 6 new borer sex attractant type moth traps are set up per hectare to trap and kill adults， and the sex attractant cores are replaced every 15-20 d. From March to April， the first and second generation of borer egg hatching season， sugarcane plants can be sprayed with 0.05% avermectin·10 billion live spores/g B. thuringiensis wettable powder 1.8 kg and 200 g/L tebufenozide suspension 1.5 L or 46% monosultap·B. thuringiensis wettable powder 4.5 kg in a mixture with 900 kg water per hectare evenly.

At the beginning of the pupation of each generation of S. frugiperda， an average of 15-30 sets of sex traps are installed per hectare， and the trap cores are replaced every 30-45 d. The installation height of the sex traps should be about 20 cm above the top of the sugarcane. In the early stage of egg hatching， we can choose to spray biological pesticides including Beauveria bassiana， Metarhizium anisopliae， nuclear polyhedrosis virus， B. thuringiensis preparation and spinosad， matrine and azadirachtin.

Earnestly promote the accurate and efficient application technology of slow-release long-acting low-toxic pesticides

From January to May， combining planting seed cane of sugarcane and management of ratoon cane， 10% monosultap·thiamethoxam granules 37.5-45.0 kg or 3.6% bisultap granules 90 kg + 70% thiamethoxam dispersible powder 600 g is evenly spread per hectare in a mixture with the amount of fertilizers per hectare into sugarcane ditches， sugarcane stubbles and sugarcane plant bases， which are timely covered with soil or subjected to conventional film covering or whole-plastic film mulching[2].

Strengthen field management

After sugarcane is harvested， the diseased plants and residual leaves are cleaned and destroyed. Ratoons should not be retained in fields with serious pest damage， and after sugarcane harvesting， the field should be deeply ploughed and diligently raked in time. Healthy sugarcane plants free of diseases and pests are selected as seed cane， preferably the shoots of newly planted sugarcane. We should reasonably apply fertilizers， increase organic fertilizers， apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers， and avoid reapplication of nitrogen fertilizers. It is necessary to arrange good drainage and irrigation systems to prevent water accumulation and reduce field humidity. We should timely remove diseased plants， remove diseased leaves， and strip old foot leaves. Weeds should be removed in time， to make the sugarcane field ventilated and reduce the humidity in the field. We should artificially catch and kill pests to reduce the damage caused by transfer and reduce the amount of insects in the field. It is necessary to strengthen the rotation with rice， corn， sweet potatoes， peanuts， soybeans and other non-susceptible crops or interplant vegetables and green manure.

Spraying agents in time to control diseases and pests

From August to September， a variety of new pests such as P. venosatus and T. intacta and stem rot and brown stripe disease in the Menglian sugarcane area are often mixed and complicated. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of diseases and pests in the frequently occurring areas， and spray agents to control them in time at the early stage of the outbreak. ① Rust is controlled with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1 500 g + 80% mancozeb wettable powder 1 500 g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 24 000 g + agricultural synergist 300 ml or 72% chlorothalonil suspension agent 1 500 ml + 80% mancozeb suspension 1 500 ml + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 400 g + agricultural synergist 300 ml per hectare， at the stage of occurrence， from June to July， in a mixture with 900 kg of water， by artificial or motorized foliar spraying （or in a mixture with aviation plant protection special formulation and water 24 kg， by aviation plant protection foliar spraying using an unmanned aerial vehicle）， once every 7-10 d， twice in successive. ② For stem rot and brown stripe disease， we can apply 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1 500 g + 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1 500 g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 24 000 g + agricultural synergist 300 ml or 72% chlorothalonil suspension 1 500 ml + 50% carbendazim suspension 1 500 ml + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 400 g + agricultural synergist 300 ml per hectare， at the onset of the disease in the first half of August， in a mixture with 900 kg of water， by artificial or motorized foliar spraying （or in a mixture with aviation plant protection special formulation and water 24 kg， by aviation plant protection foliar spraying using an unmanned aerial vehicle）， once every 7-10 d， twice in succession. ③ P. venosatus and T. intacta are controlled by 46% B. thuringiensis·monosultap wettable powder 4 500 g or 90% monosultap wettable powder 2 250 g + 8 000 IU/mg B. thuringiensis suspension 1 500 ml per hectare， from the 4th to the 5th generations， in high-incidence period in middle and late September， in a mixture with 900 kg of water by artificial or motorized foliage spraying （or in a mixture with aviation plant protection special formulation and water 24 kg， by aviation plant protection foliar spraying using an unmanned aerial vehicle）. ④ Stem rot and brown stripe disease + P. venosatus and T. intacta occurs in the mid-to-late August， and is controlled by the first foliar spraying according to the formula for stem rot and brown stripe disease， and the second foliar spraying according to the formula for stem rot and brown stripe disease + the formula for P. venosatus and T. intacta at 10-15 d after the first foliar spraying.

Pay attention to the monitoring and emergency prevention and control of sudden pests

From April to August， S. frugiperda and oriental armyworm outbreak often， causing damage to sugarcane. The inspection and monitoring should be strengthened to seize the best time for the control of larvae of 1 to 3 instars， and timely apply pesticides. We can choose one of 51%·emamectin benzoate·chlorpyrifos EC 1 500 ml/hm2， 20% avermectin·chilopine EC 1 500 ml/hm2 + 40% blasticidin S·lambda-cyhalothrin EC 600 ml/hm2， 20% chlorantraniliprole suspension 180 ml/hm2 + 30% emamectin benzoate·monosultap water emulsion 1 800 ml/hm2， 5% B. thuringiensis·indoxacarb suspension 600 g/hm2， 6% chlorantraniliprole·avermectin suspension 750 ml/hm2， and 6% spinetoram suspension 450 ml/hm2. The chosen agents are applied in a mixture with aviation plant protection special formulation and water 15 kg， by aviation plant protection foliar spraying using an unmanned aerial vehicle， or in a mixture with water 900 kg， manually or by foliar spraying using a motorized sprayer.

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