目标导向下高中英语词汇课教学初探

2020-08-09 08:56陈浡业
中学教学参考·语英版 2020年8期
关键词:目标导向课堂教学

陈浡业

[摘   要]英语教学离不开目标、任务、策略以及评估,目标的设计直接决定了教學的质量和方向,而当前高中英语课堂往往存在“虚目标”“泛目标”等现象,这样的课堂自然没有效率。目标导向式教学认为教学目标的制订要以学生认知、情感、能力等为基础,合适的教学方式是达到目标的途径,恰当的评价方式则是达到目标的保证。因此,我们必须在目标导向下增强学生对词汇的掌握,提高他们对于英语学习的积极性,确保课堂教学的有效性。

[关键词]词汇课;目标导向;目标设计;课堂教学

[中图分类号]    G633.41        [文献标识码]    A        [文章编号]    1674-6058(2020)22-0029-03

一、目标导向理论与教学模式

目标导向理论属于管理学,它是激励理论的一种,源于美国多伦多大学组织行为学教授罗伯特·豪斯提出的“路径-目标”理论,他认为要达到一个目标就要通过目标行为,而要进入目标行为又必须通过目标导向行为,这两种行为对于动机强度的影响截然相反,要保持两者之间的平衡,就要在一个小目标实现之后,再提出更高的目标,使人保持积极的状态。

研究发现,目标行为在开始之后,它的动机慢慢减弱,而目标导向行为则截然相反,它会在逐渐接近目标时,动机逐渐加强,直到执行者达到目标或者遇到困难后才会停止。

因此,在学生学习英语词汇时,教师应当认清学生的认知特点,分析教材的知识结构,预测学生的学习结果,从而制订具有导向性的教学目标,再根据教学目标设计教学活动、选择教学策略、编制检测试题等,从而形成以目标为导向的教学模式。这种模式始终把提高学生能力和素质作为总体目标,教师是课堂的主导,对整节课进行导标、导学、导评、导练、导结;学生是课堂的主体,为实现教学目标而努力学习;而教学目标则是整节课的主线,经过目标制订—目标展示—目标实施—目标检测,最终达成目标。

二、目标导向下高中英语词汇课教学的具体实施

下面以人教版必修3 Unit 2 Healthy eating词汇课教学为例,具体阐述在高中英语词汇课中如何运用目标导向引导学生更好地进行词汇学习。

1.目标的设计

教学目标的设计直接决定着教学的方向和质量,制订教学目标时首先要结合课程标准,研读教学大纲,理解和把握其中的精髓,正确把握课堂教学的方向。其次,要对教材进行全面分析和研究,根据实际需要,对教材内容进行分解与重组。第三,要对学生的年龄特征、学习兴趣、认知水平以及实际需要等进行认真的考察与分析,寻找学生当前水平与应该达到的目标之间的差距,还应研究学生的个体差异性,因为不同学生学习能力不同,要避免教学目标设计盲目化、缺乏层次、难度定位不准确、带有主观性和理想化色彩等问题,并且要能够体现本节课的重难点。

因此,在制订本节课教学目标时,笔者先根据课程标准,找到相对应的学年目标,接着把握单元话题——健康饮食。此话题与学生的生活实际紧密相连,学生已有一定的相关词汇积累,因此可在巩固再现已有词汇的基础上向新词汇过渡。从情感目标层面上来看,要求学生能够运用所学的知识去改变不良的饮食习惯,要从情感上激发学生形成良好饮食习惯的愿望。因此,笔者将本节课的教学目标设定为:

At the end of the lesson, most students will be able to:

(1)know about the three types of food (energy-giving food, body-building food and protective food);

(2)know about various names of food and use them to express the daily diet;

(3)have a basic concept of healthy life and how to form a balanced diet;

(4)help Jim to design a healthy diet, and express their own ideas freely;

(5)write a letter of advice to Jim using what they have learned today.

有了目标的导向,评价的设计和教学的设计就更加清晰了。

2.评价的设计

制订好教学目标之后,教师必须关注学生究竟能否达到目标以及达到的程度如何,这就需要进行评价设计。教学评价是教师不断了解教学目标实现情况的参照物,能引领教师的课堂教学设计。

因此,笔者设计了两个评价任务:一是为同班同学Jim设计一份健康均衡的饮食的清单,并说明设计理由。教师通过学生分组讨论、小组展示,了解学生是否能设计出合理的饮食清单并给出充分的理由,以此来评判学生是否真正理解健康饮食。二是给Jim写一封有关健康饮食的建议信,要求能将每点建议的理由解释到位,并能将所学词汇运用到写作中,这一任务也能检测学生对本节课五个目标的达成度。

3.教学的设计

教学目标的落实可从两个方面入手。

第一,尊重学生的学习规律。教学设计是对教学目标的落实,所以,必须以学生为主体,教师应充分评估和分析学生已有的知识、经验、生活经历等,准确把握和设计学习活动的切入点和生长点,引导学生自主合作,进行探究性学习。

因此,在设计本节课导入部分时,笔者先调查了班级里学生的饮食习惯,选了两个饮食习惯完全不同的学生,一个非常爱吃垃圾食品导致体型肥胖,另一个饮食相对较为健康,身材修长。笔者让他们根据自身有关饮食的生活经历编排了一个小对话,以下是导入部分:

Step 1. Lead-in

Students watch a short play which was performed by two students named Jim and Jack.

Jim: My favorite hamburger, I havent had it for days...Oh...I feel a bit sick...a stomachache again... Jack... have you got a painkiller?

Jack:Jim, catch. (Throw a carrot)

Jim: What? A carrot?

Jack:Jim, here is another one for you. (Throw an apple)

Jim: Apple? I want a painkiller. I have a stomachache.

Jack: You know, you are what you eat, and it is time to do away with the junk food.

該部分设计用发生在学生生活当中的例子引出本节课话题,既调动了学生参与课堂的积极性,同时也引入了一些生活中谈论健康饮食的词汇与句型。在导入后,教师通过问答形式引出本节课的关键问题:Jim是否需要改变他的饮食?整节课让学生带着此目标问题进行深入学习,了解健康饮食。以下是问题设计:

(1)What is the problem with Jim?

(2)Do you know the meaning of the sentence“You are what you eat” ?

(3)What suggestions does Jack give?

(4)Have you got the reason why Jim often gets a stomachache? (The teacher writes down the  underlined words in the dialogue on the blackboard)

(5)Do you think Jim has to change his eating habit?

导入后,笔者设计了词汇准备环节,针对学生已储备的词汇进行复习巩固,通过几个问题引导学生谈论自己平常吃的食物,一步步积累词汇,为引出本节课中心词汇作好铺垫。

Step 2. Preparations for the new words

The teacher talks with students about their likes and dislikes in food.

(1)What do you usually have for breakfast/lunch/supper?

(2)What kind of food do you like best?

(3)Do you think you keep a balanced diet?

(Students mention different kinds of food.The teacher writes down the names of the food on the blackboard and tells students that some people are slim, while some are fat, and some are strong while some are weak.That is what the famous saying “We are what we eat” explains. )

第二,安排科学的教学进程。教师的教、学生的学和教材内容必需能够结合在一起并充分发挥其各自的功能和作用,为教学目标服务。通常词汇的教学可分成四个进程,第一进程就是训练学生获取相关信息的能力,比如篇章阅读、词典学习等;第二进程就是记忆过程,可以引导学生在具体情境中理解和记忆所学词汇,也可以让学生设计属于自己的思维导图,加强学生的思维能力;第三进程是词汇的交际运用过程,引导学生在实际生活中使用目标词汇;第四进程就是进行总结输出,让学生了解自己的记忆情况,提高学习的积极性。根据这四个进程,笔者设计了以下任务:

Step 3. Presentation of the new words

Task 1. Material-reading

The teacher guides students to conclude that “keeping a balanced diet for us is of importance”, and asks students the question: What should a balanced diet include?

(Students are divided into several groups and given some reading material about a balanced diet. Five minutes later, students are free to express their ideas about a balanced diet.)

A balanced diet is a combination of food that provides the appropriate amount of the nutrients needed for our body.

A balanced diet contains carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and fiber in proper amounts.

【设计意图】通过阅读相关话题材料,培养学生提取相关信息的能力。

Task 2. Quiz

The teacher asks, “Just now you learned about a variety of nutrients, could you fill in the blanks with different kinds of nutrients?”

(1)provide our bodies with heat and energy.

(2)are required in very small quantities to keep you healthy.

(3)are required for healthy teeth, bones, muscles, etc.

...

The answers are“carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals, vitamins and fiber”.

Task 3. Words definition

The teacher guides students to figure out that the nutrients mentioned above can be divided into three types.

(1)Energy-giving food provides energy.

(2)Body-building food helps grow bones and muscles.

(3)Protective food helps the body fight diseases.

Task 4. Words pronouncing and spelling competition

The teacher shows many pictures of food, students name them and the teacher corrects their pronunciation and spelling. After that, there is a words pronouncing and spelling competition. The food pictures are divided into three types:

(1)Energy-giving food (rice,noodles,spaghetti, bread, potatoes, chocolate, butter, cream, oils, nuts)

(2)Body-building food (meat,eggs,cheese,milk, tofu)

(3)Protective food (beans, peas, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, mushrooms, cabbages)

Task 5. Words mind map

Students are required to draw a mind map of the words about different types of foods they know according to their own ideas. After five minutes, the teacher show some good mind maps to students.

【設计意图】围绕本节课目标,通过小知识测试、给词汇下定义、单词纠音、竞赛以及绘制思维导图等丰富的目标活动一步步引导学生学习并熟悉本单元与健康饮食有关的词汇,推进词汇教学进程。

Step 4. Using the words

Students are divided into several groups of four students and are asked to design a balanced diet for their classmate Jim who often gets a stomachache. One member of each group  gives a report about their discussion orally and explain their design reasonably.

Their reports might include the following topics:

(1)What kinds of food do you think Jim should eat every day? Why?

(2)What groups of food should Jim avoid eating? Why?

(3)What groups of food should Jim eat less? Why?

(4)What will happen to Jim if he doesnt eat a balanced diet?

【设计意图】引导学生回到课堂导入部分引出的问题:你觉得Jim要改变他的饮食习惯吗? 呼吁全班同学一起来帮助他,为他设计一份健康均衡的饮食的清单,并说明设计理由。学生将所学词汇运用到实际生活中,解决实际生活中的问题,并对健康饮食有了更深刻的认识。

Step 5. Writing (homework)

Write a letter to Jim to persuade him to keep a balance diet.

【设计意图】引导学生将所学词汇运用到写作中,让学生了解自己的词汇掌握情况,同时也能训练学生的写作能力和交际能力,更好地实现本节课的教学目标。

三、结语

导向目标在教学设计中举足轻重,它不仅对于教学设计具有指示性作用,还有助于提升学生的学习积极性,因此,教师在进行英语词汇课教学时,应当注重目标导向,增强学生学习的动机,提高学生的英语词汇学习效率。

[   参   考   文   献   ]

[1]  杜秀莲.新课标理念下的高中生英语词汇学习策略研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2006.

[2]  冷黎黎.高中生英语词汇学习策略调查研究[D].烟台:鲁东大学,2016.

[3]  齐雪.高中生英语词汇学习策略调查研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2007.

[4]  蒋银华.目标导向下“教-学-评一致性”的课堂设计[J].中小学管理,2013(1):12-14.

(责任编辑    周侯辰)

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