跟骨前突置钉外固定架治疗AO/ASIF-43 A3型胫骨远端骨折的临床效果

2020-06-27 14:10张海森刘畅梁东启王怀良裴宝静刘辉刘颖
中国医药导报 2020年15期
关键词:外固定架

张海森 刘畅 梁东启 王怀良 裴宝静 刘辉 刘颖

[摘要] 目的 考察AO/ASIF-43 A3型脛骨远端骨折采用跟骨前突置钉外固定架固定的临床疗效。 方法 选取2013年1月~2018年1月在河北省沧州市中心医院骨科采用跟骨前突置钉外固定架固定的AO/ASIF-43 A3型胫骨远端骨折患者36例,对其相关资料进行回顾性分析。所有病例均伴有腓骨远端骨干骨折,且胫腓骨远端骨折均为闭合性骨折。术中于跟骨后内侧及载距突前侧约1 cm置入骨折远侧端外固定钉,采用后外侧切口钢板内固定腓骨骨折。术后4周开始训练踝关节屈伸,每周放松外架1次。记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间以及围术期并发症等数据。对患者进行为期18个月术后随访,临床疗效的评价采用Maryland评分、Lowa踝关节评分和疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分。 结果 平均手术时间(42.6±23.8)min,平均术中出血量(149.5±28.6)mL,平均住院时间(9.2±2.9)d。术后出现腓骨切口浅表炎性反应1例(2.8%),外固定钉道感染1例(2.8%),经相应处理后均愈合。所有病例均未发生血管、神经损伤并发症,总体围术期并发症发生率为5.6%。所有病例均经术后18个月随访。所有病例均获得骨折愈合,无复位丢失出现。患者Lowa踝关节评分与VAS评分术后各时间点整体比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。基于Maryland评分的整体优良率为88.9%。 结论 跟骨前突置钉闭合复位外固定架技术在AO/ASIF-43 A3型胫骨远端骨折损伤早期是一种可供选择的治疗方法,该方法临床疗效良好,固定可靠,并发症发生率低。

[关键词] 早期手术;跟骨前突;外固定架;胫骨远端骨折

[中图分类号] R687.3          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)05(c)-0084-04

Clinical effect of external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus for treatment of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibial fractures

ZHANG Haisen1   LIU Chang1   LIANG Dongqi2   WANG Huailiang3   PEI Baojing3   LIU Hui4   LIU Ying5

1.Department of Sports Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou   061001, China; 2.Department of Pain Management, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou   061001, China; 3.Department of the Second of Orthopedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou   061001, China; 4.Department of Orthopedics, Mumendian Hospital of Qing County, Hebei Province, Qing County   062650, China; 5.Operating Room, Cangzhou People′s Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou   061001, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate clinical effect of the external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus for treatment of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibia fracture. Methods Thirty-six patients of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibia fracture fixed by external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus in the Department of Orthopedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province from January 2013 to January 2018 were selected, and the relevant data were retrospectively analyzed. All cases were associated with fracture of shaft of distal fibula, and all fractures of distal tibia and fibula were closed fractures. During the operation, the distal end of the fracture was fixed with an external pin about 1 cm in the posterior medial side of the calcaneus and the anterior side of the sustentaculum of talus of calcaneus, and internal fixation of fracture of shaft of distal fibula was fixed with a posterolateral incision plate. Ankle flexion and extension training began 4 weeks after the operation, and relaxed the external fixator once a week. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time and perioperative complications were recorded. The patients were followed up for 18 months after the operation. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by Maryland score, Lowa ankle joint score, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Results The average operative time was (42.6±23.8) min, the average intraoperative blood loss was (149.5±28.6) mL, and the average length of stay was (9.2±2.9) d. After the operation, one patient (2.8%) had superficial inflammatory reaction of fibula incision and one case (2.8%) had infection of external pin hole, and all healed after corresponding treatment. No vascular and nerve injury complications occurred in all cases. The overall incidence rate of perioperative complications was 5.6%. All cases were followed up for 18 months after the operation. Fracture healing was achieved in all cases without reduction loss. There were no statistically significant differences between the overall Lowa ankle score and VAS score at each postoperative time point (P > 0.05). According to the Maryland score, the good rate of the curative effect was 88.9%. Conclusion The closed reduction and external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus is an alternative treatment method in the early stage of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibia fracture injury, which has good clinical efficacy, reliable fixation and low complication rate.

[Key words] Early operation; Anterior process of calcaneus; External fixator; Distal tibia fracture

胫骨远侧干骺端复杂粉碎性胫骨远端骨折的AO/ASIF分型为43-A3型[1]。针对该类复杂损伤的手术治疗,目前的主流观点为[2-4],损伤早期可实施外架固定,以便避免发生软组织并发症。外固定架治疗既可降低软组织并发症风险,又能实现骨折的稳定固定。采用传统外固定架技术治疗胫骨远端骨折时,骨折远端两枚固定针均置于跟骨后内侧,容易出现外固定钉松动等问题。2013年以来,河北省沧州市中心医院(以下简称“我院”)采用改良的跟骨前突置钉外固定架技术治疗AO/ASIF-43 A3型胫骨远端骨折36例,取得了满意的临床效果。现报道如下:

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2013年1月~2018年1月在我院骨科就诊的36例AO/ASIF-43 A3型胫骨远端骨折患者的临床资料。病例均采用跟骨前突置钉外固定架进行治疗。所有病例均单侧肢体损伤,均伴有腓骨远端骨干骨折,且为胫腓骨远端闭合性骨折。患者均于损伤早期(伤后<12 h)接受外固定支架治疗,并作为最终性固定方式。患者的年龄26~59岁,平均(39.6±12.9)岁;其中男22例,女14例;在损伤病因方面,车祸16例,跌倒伤12例,跌落伤8例;根据软组织损伤Tscherne分级[5],Ⅰ级20例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级例2例。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准,患者均于入选研究前签署知情同意书。

1.2 手术方法

同一组医师实施手术,术中患者腰麻,取平卧位。首先经皮于胫骨前内侧、骨折近端置入2枚外固定针,然后经皮由内向外于跟骨后角置入第3枚外固定针。最后于跟骨载距突向前1 cm做一0.5 cm切口,采用血管钳钝性分离深层至骨面,置入套筒,由内向外穿过两层骨皮质置入第4枚外固定针。外固定架安装后延长加压装置,适度牵开骨折断端。之后采用后外侧切口复位、钢板内固定腓骨骨折,恢复肢体长度。骨折复位方法为闭合徒手复位或克氏针经皮撬拨,术中根据骨折对位、对线需要放松或延长外固定架。C臂透视确认骨折复位情况,满意后拧紧外架。

1.3 术后处理

患肢术后抬高,适度冰敷。术后4周开始训练踝关节屈伸,放松外架、每周1次。根据X线片复查情况,术后4~8周确定是否患肢负重活动,骨折愈合后拆除外固定架,外架去除后扶持双拐部分负重4周,之后逐步完全负重。

1.4 观察指标与评估方法

记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、围术期数据及并发症情况。对患者进行为期18个月随访,在术后随访中,临床疗效的评估采用Lowa踝关节评分[6]、Maryland评分[7]和疼痛视觉模拟(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分[8],骨折愈合情况及复位维持的评价应用常规正侧位X线片。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件对所得数据进行分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用单因素方差分析,计数资料采用百分率表示。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 围术期一般资料

平均手术时间(42.6±23.8)min,平均术中出血量(149.5±28.6)mL,平均住院时间(9.2±2.9)d。典型病例影像见图1。

2.2 术后并发症情况

术后发生腓骨切口浅表炎性反应1例(2.8%),加强换药后炎症得到控制,但切口愈合不良,钢板外露,考虑钢板放置偏前,骨折愈合未受影响,内固定物在术后半年后取出,切口愈合无感染。术后并发外固定钉道感染1例(2.8%),经扩创及钉道引流后感染得以控制,去除外固定支架后钉道愈合良好。围术期未发生血管、神经损伤并发症。整体围术期并发症发生率为5.6%。

2.3 随访数据

所有患者术后均获18个月的随访。患者骨折均获愈合,平均愈合时间为(3.6±1.4)个月。随访中轻度跛行7例,所有患者均未发生外固定针松动、断钉、断板,复位丢失等并发症情况。Lowa踝关节评分与VAS评分术后各时间点整体比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。在术后18个月随访时,基于Maryland评分的整体优良率为88.9%,其中优19例,良13例,中4例。

3 讨论

胫骨远侧干骺端复杂粉碎性骨折在AO/ASIF分型中属于43-A3型[1]。切开复位内固定技术具有较高的切口并发症发生率[9],而髓内钉固定手术中经常面临远端锁钉置的困难[10]。这类损伤虽然可采用经皮钢板桥接固定技术,但在损伤早期施术仍然面临局部软组织并发症的风险[3]。目前,多数学者认为[2-4],为了降低软组织并发症风险,“损伤控制理论”适用于AO/ASIF-43 A3型胫骨远端骨折的损伤早期,之后才可实施内固定技术,但却可导致患者的住院时间延长,相关住院花费增加。相比传统钢板内固定技术,外固定架对软组织条件要求低,可以显著缩短患者住院时间、减少患者治疗费用[11-20]。临床实践中,我院采用一种改良的闭合复位外架固定方式治疗这类复杂损伤,并在本研究中回顾分析了其初步临床效果。本研究中36例患者均于伤后12 h内实施手术,避免了传统内固定延期手术的长时间等待问题。只有1例(2.8%)术后并发外固定钉道感染,可见软组织并发症问题并不高。

以往报道的外固定架技术固定胫骨远端骨折时,骨折远端两枚固定针均置于跟骨后内侧,导致外固定钉易松动,且“非三角形”的几何形态不利于骨折的稳定固定[12-13]。相比傳统外固定架远端置钉技术,本研究改良置钉方式的优势体现在:①骨折断端固定的几何形态为“三角形”,更利于维持骨折固定的稳定性;②该置钉技术基本不干扰距骨的血供,因此不会增加距骨坏死的风险。

需要指出的是,作為一种跨关节固定方式,该外固定架技术可能导致踝关节僵硬[15,21-22]。为了降低跨关节外固定架的关节僵硬风险,手术4周之后,本研究每周放松外固定架1次以训练踝关节屈伸活动。术后18个月的Lowa踝关节评分达(85.5±6.8)分,总体疗效满意。另外,在理论上,跟骨前突置钉存在踝管内神经、血管结构的损伤风险[20-24],为了避免该并发症的发生,本研究术中采用经皮切口,然后采用将血管钳钝性分离直至骨面这一方法,所有病例均未发生血管、神经损伤并发症。

本研究的不足之处如下,首先,本组多数病例的术前软组织损伤情况较轻,以Tscherne Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为主,在Tscherne Ⅲ级损伤早期实施外架固定技术,其软组织并发症发生风险如何尚需进一步临床研究证实。另外,本研究为一项小样本队列研究,回顾性研究证据级别较低,因此该手术方式的安全性及可靠性尚需进一步研究检验。最后,本研究的随访时间尚短,需进一步追踪观察患者的远期踝创伤性关节炎的发生情况。

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(收稿日期:2019-08-27  本文编辑:顾家毓)

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