传统木屋改造，克鲁日，罗马尼亚

建筑设计：Arhi BOX建筑事务所

1 外景/Exterior view

2 改造前/Before renovation

3 外景/Exterior view

乡村遗产是当今（不仅限于）罗马尼亚的重要主题。某个区域代表性的特色建筑通常会被负面地视为缺乏基本的舒适元素（中央供暖系统、符合标准的卫生洁具等等）。在某些文化中，木屋因其易腐烂、耐久性差的印象而遭到更多的恶评。传统房屋给人的印象是与理想、舒适相反的，理想的都市别墅是砖结构的，由PVC 窗框、石膏板、聚苯乙烯保温材料这些现代材料和宽敞的室内空间组成。对很多人而言，都市房屋成为了巨大资金投入理所当然的产物（其他方面则存在缺陷）。这种理想在大多数情况下不仅是关于舒适度的，也是社会地位的象征。

马拉暮莱斯也许是罗马尼亚受影响最大的地区之一了，该历史区域保留下来并有人居住至今的木屋，正以惊人的速度被建筑风格可疑的砖墙房屋取代。即使是为来此地欣赏美景和特有建筑传统的游客而设计的新旅游设施，也和那些木瓦斜顶的旧木屋毫无共同之处，过不了几年想看这些木屋就只能去露天的乡村博物馆了。

在这种背景下，一个热衷于徒步和户外运动的年轻创业者家庭，因为想要更加安宁的生活，接近自然，决定搬到乡下。他们是考察了一两年后做的决定，两位业主重新安排了他们的生活以便可以在家工作。他们购置了一个马拉暮莱斯的旧木屋，打算在罗马尼亚的克鲁日-纳波卡附近重新定居，并且翻新房子，以满足他们对舒适度的所有需求。最初，建筑师们质疑了想要移动一栋房子的想法：为什么要把一栋房子从原本的环境中移走再搬到另一个地区呢？业主给出了答案：旧房子就要被拆掉当作柴火了，腾出的土地会建一所新式现代房子，由原屋主儿子提供的海外资金建造，为盖新房子准备的部分建材已经运到那里了。

除了拯救木屋的发心以外，这个年轻家庭同样看重传统物件的真实感——那些有着岁月痕迹的美丽的材料会在新的地方讲述自己的故事。这种真实性可能是选择翻新一栋旧房子最好的理由之一，因为那是随着时间自然形成的，不是可以被人为建造或仿造的。

新的基地大约有32hm2，其中15hm2由森林覆盖。未来的计划是再拯救两栋房子，将它们作为一个生物产品家庭农场的基础。因此，在第一栋房子的地下层设有技术用房，容纳中央供暖系统和蓄电池，与蓄电池配套的太阳能光伏板将为整个农场提供电能。首层由一个起居区、开放厨房、一间办公室（同样可以作为客房使用）和一个卫生间组成。屋顶按照原样复原，因此产生了两层阁楼空间，建筑师得以在其内设计了另外两间卧室，每间都有独立的衣帽间、浴室和多功能开放空间。

迁移和新建房屋聘请的是来自马拉暮莱斯（原屋所在地）的工匠。他们又建造了新的屋顶结构，并且为屋顶铺面制作了新的木瓦。在此过程中，这些工匠对于木结构的特殊问题的理解程度令我们惊喜。他们对于建造过程的参与很可能使得一项濒临灭绝的传统工艺得以保存，也向木屋的原生社区传达了一种对于传统木建筑的兴趣。

业主明确要求只使用传统天然材料：木材、羊毛保温材料、粘土灰浆等，仅有的现代组件就是木框多层窗和技术设备。□

（米哈伊·拉库 文，王欣欣 译）

The rural heritage is an important theme of the present in the Romanian context (and beyond).Often, constructions that had a contribution in defining the character of a specific region are looked at in a negative manner due to the lack of some basic comfort elements (central heating, proper sanitary equipment etc.). In some cultures the wooden houses are suffering even more due to the image of the perishable material or a perceived lack of durability. The traditional house is perceived as opposite to the comfort ideal: the urban villa, made of brick and modern materials like P.V.C. window frames, gypsum boards, polystyrene thermal insulation and with more generous interior spaces.For many, the urban house is becoming an ideal that may justify huge financial efforts (translated in shortcomings in other aspects), an ideal that in the majority of cases is not just about comfort, but also about the need of representation and social.

Maybe one of the most affected areas in Romania is Maramures, a historical region where the wooden houses preserved and still inhabited until now are replaced with a stunning speed by hoses with brick walls and doubtful architectural style. Even the new touristic facilities, designed for those who want to visit the area for the beautiful landscapes and specific architecture and traditions do not have anything in common with the old wooden houses with pitched roofs covered in wood shingles that in a few years will be seen only in the open air village museums.

In this context a family of young entrepreneurs,passionate about trekking and open air activities,that wanted a more peaceful life, close to nature,decided to move to the country side. The decision was taken after a couple of years searches, the two re-organising their life in such a way so they could work from home. They bought an old wooden house from Maramures that they planned to relocate near Cluj-Napoca, Romania and to refurbish it in such a way so it could meet all their comfort needs. In the beginning the idea of moving a house was received with skepticism by the architects: why to remove a house from its context and to relocate to another area? The answer was offered by the beneficiaries:the house was to be demolished and transformed in firewood to make room for a new, modern house,raised with the money the owner's son was sending from abroad, already some of the materials for the new house being prepared on the site.

Beside of the intention of saving the house, the young family also wanted the authenticity of the traditional object, of the nicely aged material that was to tell its story for the years to come in the new location. This authenticity is maybe one of the best reasons in choosing to refurbish an old house since it developed in time and it cannot be built, it cannot be fabricated.

The new site covers 32 hectares, 15 out of which are covered by forest. The future intentions are to save another two houses that would become the base of a family farm with bio products. Thus,this first house has a technical underground floor that is accommodating the central heating system and the batteries that together with the solar panels will provide the entire electricity need of the farm.The ground floor is comprised of a living area with an open kitchen, an office (that can be also used as a guest bedroom) and a toilet. The roof was brought to its original shape thus resulting two attic levels that allowed the architects to design two other bedrooms, each with its own dressing and bathroom and a multifunctional open space.

The removing and rebuilding of the house at the new site was made using craftsmen from Maramures(the area where the house was originally built).They also built the new roof structure and they crafted the wooden shingles for the roof covering.During the process, it was a pleasant surprise to observe the degree of understanding of the specific structural problems of wooden constructions proved by them. Their integration in the process was likely to contribute to the preservation of a traditional craftsmanship which otherwise is endangered, and also to send a message related to the interest in traditional wooden buildings to the communities they came from.

The owners of the house explicitly demanded that only traditional natural materials would be used: wood, sheep wool for thermal insulation, clay plaster, etc. The only modern elements were the wood window frames with stratified windows and the technical equipments. □ (Text by Mihai Racu)

4 剖面/Section

项目信息/Credits and Data

地点/Location: Vultureni, Cluj, Romania

项目建筑师/Project Architect: Mihai Racu, Calin Lada

结构工程/Structural Engineer: Marius Soflete

合作者/Collaborators Horatiu Racasan, Adela Borota, Calin Santa, Razvan Stoian

水暖电基础设施/Water Infrastructures, Electricity and Heating: Cornel Stanciu

建筑面积/Floor Area: 214m2

建成时间/Completion Time: 2016

摄影/Photos: Bogdan Pop(fig.1,12-14), Mihai Racu(fig.2,3,5,7),Calin Lada(fig.6,8)

5 外景/Exterior view

6-8 建造中/Under construction

9 首层平面/Ground floor plan

10 二层平面/First floor plan

11 屋顶层平面/Top floor plan

12.13 内景/Interior views

评论

陶磊：对传统遗产的保护和再利用的做法已被更多人接受，而这种反向地将旧建筑转移到新基地和新建筑中的做法却并不常见。在这个住宅中老建筑的构建不是被简单地用作附加物，也不是对原有建筑的简单复制，而是积极地参与到新的建筑语境中，赋予建筑新的意义，新旧结构与内部的空间重新生长在一起，形成了新的建筑平面。很难去定义它是传统的民居还是现代建筑，但可以感受到的是，它在解决了现代人对于舒适性的要求之外，还具有更多故事的延展性，这种具有传统外貌的木头房子在这样的自然环境中，似乎更加“自然”。

安娜玛丽亚·安德里佐尤：将旧建筑搬迁至其他的不同环境进行保护的想法，其基本概念值得称赞也免不了充满争议。从产生它的媒介中，传统房屋被连根拔起，会削弱对建筑品读与理解的准确性。然而，由于这座建筑是一座私人住宅，仅供业主使用，搬迁的想法具有可行性，并且是以传统材料与工艺进行落架翻新，随之使旧建筑具有了现代生活的舒适性，这种操作有价值。我认为，这一项目案例可以证明复建旧的传统建筑可取并可行，其中有明确的美学品质与优点。现代设计的介入是极简到几乎隐形的，以此使建筑尽可能接近原状。（叶扬 译）

Comments

TAO Lei:When the method of traditional heritage conservation and reuse is accepted by more people, it is uncommon to see the reversed way that is reloating an old architecture to a new base and a new building. In this house, the structure of the old architecture is not simply used as an appendage, nor a simple replication of the original architecture,but an active part involved into the new architectural context, which is endowed with new architectural significance. The new and old structures regrow with the interior space, forming a new architectural plane. It is hard to define it as a traditional local house or as a modern architecture, but it can be felt that there is more extended space for storytelling in the house after fulfilling the demand for comfortableness by modern people. Moreover, the wooden house seems more "natural" in such an environment with a traditional appearance. (Translated by QIAN Fang)

Anamaria Andritoiu:The idea of preserving an old architectural building by moving it to a different environment, while laudable for its basic concept is nonetheless fraught with controversy. Uprooting a traditional house from the medium that has generated it diminishes the way the building is read and understood. Still, as it is a private dwelling used only by its proprietors, the idea has merits in the overall renovation with traditional materials and craftsmanship, while bringing in the comforts of the modern life proves that such a gesture has value. I see this as an example that could prove resuscitating old traditional architecture is not only desirable, but possible and has concrete aesthetic qualities and advantages. The modern insertions are minimal to the point of invisibility, in accordance to keeping the house as close to the original as possible.

14 外景/Exterior view