常玉国
解答七選五阅读题,我们可以根据空格所处的位置,根据其不同功能选出正确选项。
一、分析高考真题,了解命题规律
近三年高考题的设空位置、题号及题量如下表所示:
注:本表中的首段末,包括首段中首句后的所有句子空格处。
从上表可以看出:
1. 首段首句是不设空的;
2. 设空有六类位置;
3. 考查的重点在中间段中、中间段首、首段末。
二、注意选项位置,根据功能选择
在解题时,注意以下三点:
一是根据说明文的“总—分(—总)”结构。
二是根据设空位置,首段末—承上启下;段首—主题句,概括段落大意或承上启下;段末—结论或总结句;段中—衔接句,注意前后的逻辑关系。
三是根据空格处与上下文,特别是与上下句之间的逻辑关系,主要有:主旨概括,承上启下,并列递进,转折让步,解释例证,因果推论等。
以下对处于各个位置的题目进行一一剖析。
1. 首段末——承上启下,过渡句
位于首段末的句子,一般是上下过渡句,既要衔接上文,又要引起读者关注下文,起着过渡的作用。如:
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping. I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer ...
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness ...
... We have done a lot of it since ...
... It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature...
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
解析:根据“总—分—总”结构,先读懂第一段这个“总”。首句用的是虚拟语气,“假如三年前有人叫我去野营……”说明现在不一样了,作者过去是持否定态度的,现在应是持肯定态度了,正确选项很可能是表转折关系的;再看“分”,第二段是说露营受苦的经历,第三段说再次露营有了不一样的经历,第四段讲自那以后经常去露营,说明爱上露营,进一步说明作者对露营态度的转变。
从空格位置上看,首段末应是承上启下的过渡句。空前句讲作者不喜欢露营,快速浏览末段便知,作者主张露营,可见作者态度的转变,故选D项:然而,从那以后我学到了很多关于野营的知识。
2. 尾段首——综上述下,概括句
说明文的尾段与首段相呼应,常常起总结全文的作用。尾段首句既承担总括上文的功能,又承担着段落主题句的功用,具有高度的综上述下的概括性。这个位置的考题很少。如:
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷)We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.
40 It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.
E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
解析:最后一段是结论段,首句应能既概括前文,又衔接下文。选项E“我必须承认我渐渐喜爱上野营了”能很好地总结作者对野营的态度转变,又能引出下文给人们的建议和忠告。
3. 尾段末——总结文段,结论句
尾段末句既是对尾段的巧妙收尾,也常常是对全文的总结概括。用得好,会给人以前后呼应,总结提升,圆满收官的享受。如:
(2018年全国Ⅰ卷)The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether youre looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 .
E. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time.
解析:尾段承接发展了上文第三、四两段内容,末句很好地收结了尾段。该空前句说,“(在the walls, cellings and floors)大的方面的颜色选择所投入的时间、精力和相关费用都是相当多的。”“因此,这也是值得的,因为你想一次就把事做好。”前后是因果关系。故选E项,与前文构成全文结句。
4. 中间段首——段落主题句
此处“中间段首句”是指除首尾段首句之外的各个段落首句。中间段首句,一般是段落主题句,能很好地概括本段主要内容。“中间段首”是出现频率第二的高频考点。如:
(2018年全国Ⅲ卷) 36 We dance from Florida to Alaska, from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays, office parties and just to fill the time.
B. Dance in the U.S. is everywhere.
C. If you like dancing outdoors, come to America.
解析:本题位于段首,应为本段的主题句,能概括下文。由下文“We dance from Florida to Alaska, from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays, office parties”可知,舞蹈在美国无处不在。故选B项。
5. 中间段中——前后衔接句
中间段中间句,是设题频率最高的位置。中间段中的句子,多为衔接句。解题时要特别注意分析与前后句之间的逻辑关系,做到前后连贯,语义衔接。除上下文之间的逻辑关系外,还有指代、词语复现或同现等重要衔接手段,解题时一定要重视。如:
(2019年全国Ⅰ卷)Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈).
38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood(情绪).
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care.
G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
解析:空前句“最近,人们开始研究自然世界和治疗之间的联系”空后句“在这些地方,病人在康复期间可以亲近大自然。”选项G“在全国各地,康复中心已经开始建造康复花园。”是前句所说的一个具体例子,又与下文很好地衔接。空后句中的these places指代选项G中的recovery centers,而recovery是原词复现,healing与recovery又是词语同现。
6. 中间段末——概括结论句
中间段末句,常常是总结上文,概括段意,得出结论。如:
(2018年全国Ⅲ卷)So why do we dance?“I can tell you about one young couple,”says Bridges.“Theyre learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. 39 ”
F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
G. Thy stayed up all night long singing and dancing.
解析:本段讲跳舞的原因或益处。由空格前句“他们带着低落的情绪来上课,然后带着微笑离开。”可知,跳舞改變了这对夫妇的心情,故选F项,该项是对上文的概括。
责任编辑 蒋小青