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高考语法填空题分为有提示词和无提示词两种。有提示词的空,通常可以通过词性转换和词形变化得出答案,一般每年考查7道题。下面是近5年高考英语全国卷语法填空题中有提示词题的统计表:
由上表可以看出,有提示词可归纳为两大类别和九个考点,即两类九点。
下面以这5年的高考真题,来谈谈思路点拨,以期对考生有所帮助。
一、词性转换
(一)名词
命题方式:是给出形容词或动词,要求考生将其变成名词形式,名词前面可能有形容词、冠词或物主代词修饰。
思路点拨:
1. 作主语,或在及物动词或介词后作宾语,用名词。
[例1](2020新高考Ⅰ卷) Historical 44 (accurate)is important but so is entertainment.
简析:作主语,用名词,故填accuracy。该名词受形容词historical修饰。
[例2](2018全国Ⅱ卷)This switch has decreased 66
(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
简析:在及物动词decrease后作宾语,用名词,故填pollution。
[例3](2020全国Ⅲ卷)Filled with 64 (curious),the artist packed his bags and left.
简析:在介词with后作宾语,用名词,故填curiosity。
[例4](2020年全国Ⅰ卷)The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting)to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters ...
解析:在介词of后作宾语,用名词,名词前有形容词particular修饰,即“介词+形容词+名词”,故填interest。此处,of particular interest = particularly interesting。
2. 在形容词性物主代词或冠词后还没有名词时,应填名词。
[例5](2017全国Ⅲ卷)She is determined to carry on with her 66 (educate).
解析:在形容词性物主代词(her)后还没有名词,要用名词,故填education。her education作介词with的宾语。
[例6](2016年全国Ⅲ卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius influenced the 68 (develop) of chopsticks.
解析:在冠词(the)后还没有名词,应用名词,故填development。the decelopment作及物动词influenced的宾语。
[例7](2020全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese New Year is a 61
(celebrate)marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
简析:在冠词(a)后还没有名词,应用名词,故填celebration,后面的making ... 是现在分词短语作定语。a celebration作表语。
(二)副词
命题方式:是给出形容词,要求考生将其变成副词形式。
思路点拨:修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子要用副词。
[例1](2020全国Ⅲ卷) As the small boat moved 68
(gentle)along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
简析:修饰动词moved应用副词形式,故填gently。
[例2](2019年全國Ⅰ卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been
62 (poor)studied.
简析:修饰谓语动词studied,用副词,故填poorly。
[例3](2020全国Ⅰ卷)Landing on the moons far side is
62 (extreme)challenging.
简析:修饰形容词challenging(有挑战性的)应用副词,故填extremely。
[例4](2020全国Ⅱ卷) 66 (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
简析:修饰全句,应用副词,故填Certainly。
(三)形容词
命题方式:是给出名词,要求考生将其变成形容词形式。
思路点拨:在名词前作定语,或在连系动词后作表语,要用形容词。
[例2](2020新高考Ⅰ卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries,
36 (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.
简析:在名词people前作定语,应用形容词,故填wealthy。
[例1](2019全国Ⅱ卷)We are so proud of her. Its
70 (wonder).
简析:在连系动词be后作表语,要用形容词,故填wonderful。
(四)动词
命题方式:是给出名词,要求考生将其变成动词形式。
思路点拨:在句中作谓语,或在不定式符号to后,用动词。到目前为止,只考了1次,要求在不定式符号to后用动词原形。
(2018全国Ⅰ卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength)your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
简析:不定式符号to后接动词原形表示做运动的目的,且根据后面的宾语your leg muscles可知,此处也应用动词形式,故填strengthen。
二、词形变化
(一)名词的复数形式
命题方式:是给出名词的单数形式,要求考生将其变成复数形式。
思路点拨:空格要填的词在句中作主语或宾语时,应当用名词,而括号中所给词本身就是名词,且为单数形式,很可能就是填其复数形式。到底用不用复数,主要有两条依据:
1. 根据主谓一致判断。
谓语动词是复数,可知作主语的名词也应是复数。
[例1](2016全国Ⅱ卷)Recent 66 (study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
简析:本句的谓语动词是show,且为复数,说明形容词Recent后的study是名词,在句中作主语;根据主谓一致原则,study也应当用复数形式,故填studies。
2. 根据修饰词语判断。
当可数名词前有表示大于1的few, some, two all, a number of等时,该名词要用复数。
[例2](2018全国Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).
简析:作介语from的宾语,要用名词;而cause本身就是名词,且为单数形式,很可能是要求变为复数形式;由前面的all可知,cause的确应用复数形式,故填causes。
(二)谓语动词
命题方式:是给出动词,要求考生根据时态、语态或主谓一致等,用其正确的形式填空。
思路点拨:根据主语与谓语动词是主动还是被动关系,判断语态;根据主语的单复数,判断谓语动词的数;根据时间状语、上下文时间、并列关系等,判断时态。
1. 时态。
主要有三條依据。
(1)根据时间状语判断。
[例1](2018全国Ⅱ卷)Since 2011, the country 61
(grow)more corn than rice.
简析:根据时间状语since 2011可知,应用现在完成时态,故填has grown。
[例2](2019全国Ⅱ卷)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 66 (make) over the years.
简析:根据时间状语over the years可知,应用现在完成时态,故填have made。
[例3](2020全国Ⅰ卷)The unmanned Change-4 probe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— 61 (touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
简析:根据时间状语last week可知,应用一般过去时态,故填touched。
(2)根据上下文一致判断。
[例4](2020全国Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says,“because it
67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
簡析:由空格前面的引号内的前句(上文)的谓语动词excites(一般现在时)和空格后面的从句的谓语动词have和is (一般现在时)可知,mean也应用一般现在时,才上下文时态一致,主语it是第三人称单数,故填means。
(3)根据并列一致来判断。
有并列连词and或or时,分清谁跟谁并列,并列关系的两个动词,其时态形式应一致。如:
[例5](2020全国Ⅲ卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的) artist, they smiled and 66 (point)down the river.
简析:空格前有and,根据并列一致原则,动词point应与同它并列的动词的形式一致;与谁并列?显然与smiled并列,smiled是一般过去时,所以point也用一般过去时,故填pointed。
2. 语态。
[例1](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we 69 (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
简析:主语we与谓语动词invite之间是被动关系,要用被动语态;又由时间状语on the last day of our week-long stay可知,用一般过去时;主语we是复数,故填were invited。
[例2](2020全国Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says,“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct).”
简析:单数主语the moon和谓语动词之间是被动关系,用被动语态;本句是对现在情况的客观陈述,或根据上下文时态一致,可知用一般现在时,故填is constructed。
[例3](2020全国Ⅲ卷)The artist was sure he would
63 (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.
简析:句子主语he和谓语动词choose之间是被动关系,用被动语态;又因would后用动词原形,故填be chosen。
3. 主谓一致。
[例1] (2020全国Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says,“because it
67 (mean)we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
简析:本句是对现在情况的客观陈述,且单数主语it和谓语动词mean之间是主动关系,故填means。
[例2](2020全国Ⅱ卷)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers 62 (carry)special significance.
简析:动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers作主语,视为单数形式,根据上下文时态一致原则可知用一般现在时,故填carries。
(三)非谓语动词
命题方式:是给出动词,要求考生将其变成正确的非谓语动词形式。
思路点拨:根据情况用动词不定式、动名词或分词形式。
1. 不定式。
高考考过的有5种情况。
(1)作目的状语,用不定式。
[例1](2020全国Ⅰ卷)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on board Change-4 66 (find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
简析:作目的状语,用不定式,故填to find。
(2)在形容词后作状语,用不定式。
[例2](2020全国Ⅱ卷)They are easy 68 (care) for and make great presents.
简析:在作表语的形容词后作状语,用不定式,故填to care。
(3)在want, decide, refuse, plan等词后,要用不定式。
[例3](2017全国Ⅲ卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 65 (prove)that she has brains as well as beauty.
简析:由want to do sth(想做某事)可知,要用不定式,故填to prove。
[例4](2019全国Ⅱ卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene declared she had no plans
65 (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
简析:句中plan是名词,由plan to do sth(做某事的计划)可知,填to retire。不定式作定语。
(4)在allow/ permit / advise / request /ask /want / tell /encourage sb to do sth(允许/要求/吩咐/鼓励某人做事)等结构中做补足语,要用不定式。
(2018全国Ⅲ卷) Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ___________(stay)and watch.
简析:由allow sb to do sth可知,要用不定式,故填to stay。
(5)在it takes some time to do sth等固定句式中,用不定式。
[例5](2019全國Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take 62 (get)there.
简析:由It takes+时间+to do sth.(做某事花费多少时间)可知,用动词不定式,故填to get。
2. 动名词。
高考考过的有3种情况。
(1)在avoid, finish, enjoy, suggest, advise, permit等动词后作宾语,用动名词。
[例1](2018全国Ⅲ卷)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64 (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.
简析:由avoid doing(避免做某事)可知,用动名词,故填looking。
(2)在介词后,且带有状语或宾语时,要用动名词。
[例2](2019全国Ⅰ卷) Scientists have responded by
67 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
简析:在介词by后,且跟有that引导的宾语从句,要用动名词,故填noting。
(3)并列一致。本条也适合非谓语动词的其它形式,同时也适合谓语动词的时态。
[例3](2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or 43 (walk)through a rainforest.
简析:因空格前有并列连词or,根据并列一致原则,walk必定与与之并列的某个词的形式一致,根据句意可知,与living并列,故填walking。
3. 分词。
高考考过的有5种情况。
逻辑主语与分词是主动关系,用现在分词;是被动关系,用过去分词。
(1)作表语。主语与表语是主动关系,用现在分词;是被动关系,用过去分词。
[例1](2018年全国Ⅲ卷) I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel
65 (challenge).
简析:此处表示不直视它的眼睛,它就不会感觉受到挑战,即有被动含义,故用过去分词challenged作表语。challenge sb意为“向某人挑战”。
(2)作定语。被修饰的名词与分词是主动关系,用现在分词;是被动关系,用过去分词。
[例2](2016全国Ⅰ卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter 66 (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
简析:被修饰名词the first Western TV reporter和非谓语动词permit之间是被动关系,应用过去分词作定语,故填permitted。
[例3](2020全国Ⅱ卷) They represent the earth 63
(come)back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
简析:被修饰名词the earth与非谓语动词come与之间是主动关系,应用现在分词作后置定语,故填coming。
(3)作状语。表示伴随、时间或条件等。句子主语与分词是主动关系,用现在分词;是被动关系,用过去分词。
[例4](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, 70 (listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
簡析:句子主语we与listen这个动作是主动关系,应用现在分词短语作伴随状语,故填listening。
(4)作补语。在see sb doing /do /done句型中,作补语的非谓语动词与宾语,若是被动关系,用过去分词;若是主动关系,用现在分词表示正在进行,用动词原形表示动作的全过程。
[例5](2020全国Ⅱ卷)They make great gifts and you see them many times 65 (decorate)with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
简析:这是“see+宾语 +宾补”结构;非谓语动词decorate与宾语them(orange trees)之间是被动关系,应用过去分词作宾补,故填decorated。
(5)在“连词+分词”结构中。句子主语与分词是主动关系,用现在分词,是被动关系,用过去分词。
[例6](2018全国Ⅱ卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while 70 (feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the banks Juergen Voegele.
简析:这是“while+分词”结构。China和feed之间是主动关系,应用现在分词,故填feeding。
(四)比较等级
命题方式:是给出形容词或副词原级,要求考生将其变成比较级或最高级;或根据文中的比较级形容词或副词,填than(本不在有提示词之列,但为了方便,在此顺便复习)。
思路点拨:
1. more ... than ...
前有比较级,填than;后有than,用比较级。
[例1](2020全国Ⅰ卷)The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so 65 the familiar near side.
简析:由空前的more可知填than。
[例2] (2019全国Ⅰ卷)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are
68 (high)than they actually are.
简析:根据空格后的than可知,应用比较级,故填higher。
2. 固定短语。
如even worse(更糟糕的是), more than(多于,不只是,非常),less than(少于),no more than(只是)等。
[例3](2017全国Ⅰ卷)Even 66 (bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
简析:副词even常用来加强比较级的语气,表示“甚至,还,更加”;由even可知,bad用比较级worse;另外,even worse(更糟糕的是)可作为一个固定短语来记。
[例4](2020全国Ⅱ卷)Orange trees are more 64 decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.
简析:因more than (不只是)为固定词组,故填than。
3. 最高级+of /in /that ...
根据表示范围的介词短语in /of ... 或that引导的定语从句,或语境暗含范围,用最高级。
[例5](2018全国Ⅲ卷)That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the 63 (loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
簡析:根据空格后表示范围的介词短语of all可知,应用loud的最高级形式,故填loudest。
[例6](2020全国Ⅲ卷)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像)done so he called all great artists to come and present their 62 (fine)work, so that he could choose the best.
简析:根据语境可知,画家呈送给皇帝的应是自己所有画中“最好的”作品,后文 the best也是明显的提示,故填fine的最高级形式finest。
(五)代词
命题方式:是给出代词的主格,要求考生用其宾语、物主代词或反身代词等形式填空。
思路点拨:分析所填词在句中的作用,确定填某种形式。
1. 作宾语。
根据情况用人称代词宾语、名词性物主代词、反身代词等。
[例1](2018全国Ⅲ卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 68 (they)alive.
简析:在动词find后作宾语,要用宾语形式,故填them,指代the gorillas。
[例2](2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine 42 (they)living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
简析:因句中的they是反指主语visitors的,在及物动词imagine后作宾语,用反身代词,故填themselves。
2. 作定语。
用形容词性物主代词。
[例3](2020全国Ⅰ卷)Data about the moons composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 70 (it)plans for a future lunar(月球的)base are practical.
简析:在名词plans前作定语,应用形容词性物主代词,故填its。
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