吴景 李晓洁 何杰
[摘要] 目的 探讨SOX11在胶质母细胞瘤中的表达及其临床病理学意义。 方法 收集2010年9月~2017年1月安徽省立医院病理科存档的胶质母细胞瘤石蜡包埋样本264例,每例样本选取肿瘤区域及瘤旁正常脑组织制作组织芯片,采用全自动免疫组化方法检测SOX11的表达,并分析SOX11表达与患者临床病理特征的关系。结果 胶质母细胞瘤中SOX11表达的总阳性率和强阳性率显著高于配对的瘤旁正常组织(P < 0.01);SOX11表达与肿瘤直径、Ki67增殖指数相关(P < 0.01),但其与患者年龄、性别、病灶单发/多发无关(P > 0.05)。 结论 SOX11在胶质母细胞瘤中特异性表达,可作为胶质母细胞瘤病理诊断的标志物,其表达水平可能与肿瘤进展有关。
[关键词] 胶质母细胞瘤;SOX11;免疫组织化学;临床病理学;诊断标志物
[中图分类号] R739.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)08(c)-0011-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the expression and clinical pathological significance of SOX11 in glioblastoma. Methods A total of 264 cases of paraffin-embedded glioblastoma were collected from the Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital from September 2010 to January 2017. Each sample was selected from the tumor area and the normal brain tissue of the tumor to make tissue chips. The expression of SOX11 was detected by immunohistochemistry and the relationship between SOX11 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed. Results The total positive rate and strongly positive rate of SOX11 expression in glioblastoma was significantly higher than that in matched normal tissues of the tumor (P < 0.01). The expression of SOX11 was correlated with tumor diameter and Ki67 proliferation index (P < 0.01), but it was not related to the patient′s age, gender, single/multiple lesions (P > 0.05). Conclusion SOX11 is specifically expressed in glioblastoma and can be used as a marker for the pathological diagnosis of glioblastoma. The expression level of SOX11 may be related to tumor progression.
[Key words] Glioblastoma; SOX11; Immunohistochemistry; Clinicopathology; Diagnostic marker
膠质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)为颅内高度恶性原发性肿瘤,肿瘤生长迅速,易复发、转移和耐药,预后很差。Y染色体性别决定区相关的高迁移率族盒蛋白(SRY-related HMG-box,SOX)作为转录因子,通过HMG结构域介导DNA结合,调节特定生物过程。SOX11属于SOX家族C亚族,参与调控胚胎发育和决定细胞命运,对调节神经元细胞的存活和细胞突起的生长有重要作用[1]。近年来,随着对SOX11的深入研究,发现SOX11可能对肿瘤细胞的存活、生长和转化发挥作用,但SOX11异常表达的机制在很大程度上是未知的。本研究采用免疫组化法检测264对配对的GBM及瘤旁正常脑组织中SOX11蛋白的表达,探讨其在GBM中的临床病理学意义,旨在为临床诊疗提供新方向。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2010年9月~2017年1月安徽省立医院病理科存档的GBM石蜡包埋标本264例(男162例,女102例,中位年龄59岁),均以10%中性甲醛固定。GBM标本的选择依据世界卫生组织(WHO)中枢神经系统胶质瘤分类标准(2016)。采用双盲法,2位病理医师分别对苏木精-伊红(HE)染色切片进行重新复审。每例样本选取无出血坏死、肿瘤细胞丰富的肿瘤区及瘤旁正常脑组织制作组织芯片。纳入的患者术前未进行放、化疗等抗肿瘤治疗。所有患者对本研究知情同意并签署知情同意书,且本研究中使用的组织标本经医院医学伦理委员会批准。
1.2 主要试剂与仪器
一抗鼠抗人单克隆抗体SOX11(克隆号:MRQ-58,即用型工作液)购自北京中杉金桥生物有限公司,二抗及检测试剂盒、脱蜡液、抗原修复液、清洗缓冲液均购自罗氏公司,使用罗氏BenchMark XT全自动免疫组化仪。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 组织芯片蜡块的制备 先包埋出平整的空白蜡块,选择直径1.5 mm的空心穿刺针,在空白蜡块穿刺出56个孔位,再将供体蜡块上选取的肿瘤组织和对应的瘤旁正常脑组织各穿刺1个芯柱,纳入空白蜡块相应的孔位,压平,使所有芯柱尽量保持在一个平面,穿刺结束的芯片蜡块放入23 mm×23 mm大小的包埋模具内,置50℃恒温箱内烘烤30 min后重新注蜡包埋。
1.3.2 免疫组化染色 组织芯片蜡块按3 μm厚度切片,60℃恒温箱烤片2 h,采用罗氏BenchMark XT全自动免疫组化仪进行染色。采用已知阳性对照片作为阳性对照,磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)代替一抗作为阴性对照。由2名病理医师对染色结果进行判读。依据Beesley分级法[2],以肿瘤细胞核表达棕黄色及所占的比例作为阳性染色的标准。根据染色强度以无染色、浅黄色、棕黄色、棕褐色分别计0、1、2、3分;根据阳性细胞占所有肿瘤细胞的比例≤5%、>5%~25%、>25%~50%、>50%~75%、>75%分别计为0、1、2、3、4分;两项分值相乘,0分为(-),1~4分为(+),5~8分为(++),9~12分为(+++)。“-”为阴性,“+”为阳性,“++~+++”为强阳性。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验及Fisher精确检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 SOX11在GBM组织和瘤旁正常脑组织中的表达
SOX11免疫组化染色定位于肿瘤细胞胞核(图1)。264对配对的GBM和瘤旁正常脑组织中,GBM中SOX11总阳性率为58.0%,强阳性率为26.9%,均显著高于瘤旁正常脑组织(6.4%、0.8%),差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表1。
A:肿瘤细胞胞核SOX11呈强阳性染色;B:瘤旁正常脑组织SOX11阴性表达。GBM:胶质母细胞瘤
2.2 SOX11与GBM患者临床病理特征的关系
SOX11与肿瘤直径、Ki67增殖指数呈显著相关(χ2=18.970、15.996,均P < 0.01),其与患者年龄、性别、病灶的单发或多发无关(P > 0.05)。见表2。
3 讨论
众所周知,在外科病理学中,转录因子可作为肿瘤起源的标志物。如:PAX8作为肾脏上皮性肿瘤的标志物,TTF-1常用来诊断肺原发性腺癌和甲状腺滤泡上皮来源;CDX2是肠道特异性转录因子,Olig 2用于少突胶质细胞瘤的诊断,SOX10用于黑色素瘤和神经嵴来源的肿瘤的诊断,SOX11被作为套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)的诊断性标志物[3]。通过在基因信息数据库BioGPS(http://biogps.org/#goto=genereport&id=6664)查詢到SOX11在胚胎期脑组织中特异性高表达,TCGA数据库GEPIA(http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/detail.php?gene=SOX11)中关于所有肿瘤样本和配对正常组织的基因表达谱,以及癌症转录组数据库UALCAN(http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/cgi-bin/TCGAExResultNew2.pl?genenam=SOX11&ctype=GBM)关于GBM与正常组织对比研究中SOX11在GBM中均显著特异性高表达。SOX11在上皮性和非上皮性肿瘤中的研究发现,在神经分化的恶性肿瘤中有非常高的表达比例,而在所有正常组织、几乎所有良性肿瘤及癌旁组织中均不表达[4]。结合数据库和目前的研究成果,可将SOX11作为GBM的特异性诊断标志物。
从果蝇到鱼类、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳动物,SOX家族都表现出高度保守性[5],在生物发育、分化和形成过程中发挥着极其重要的作用[6],SOX11作为其中一个特定转录因子,参与调控胚胎发育和促神经分化。在小鼠胚胎SOX11基因敲除实验中,小鼠出生后因心脏血管畸形迅速死亡[7]。SOX11杂合突变被证明会引起智力障碍、生长缺陷和畸形[8]。周围神经损伤后SOX11的过表达或抑制可分别促进或阻断轴突再生[9]。在中枢神经系统的发育过程中,Turan等[10]发现SOX11单倍体不足导致神经前体细胞的增殖分化失衡,并预测其参与干细胞增殖的正调节[11]。SOX11促进神经祖细胞建立神经元表型,但并不参与表型的维持和稳定表达,在分化成熟的神经中下调[12]。由此推测,SOX11可能具有维持神经干细胞的自我更新作用。GBM的高度侵袭性、高复发率及普遍耐药性与胶质母细胞瘤干细胞样细胞(glioblastoma stem-like cells,GSC)的生物特性有关,SOX11在GBM中的高表达率可能跟GBM所具备的干细胞特性有关,从而对GBM的生长、放化疗的敏感性以及肿瘤的复发具有重要作用。
由于生殖细胞SOX11缺失的胚胎致死性,缺乏合适的动物模型,阻碍了关于SOX11对肿瘤作用的进一步了解,其对肿瘤发生、患者预后的影响还存在很多争议。在MCL中,SOX11作为癌基因,通过促进B细胞受体(BCR)信号传导以驱动MCL样肿瘤发展[13],或通过上调PAX5,阻断浆细胞分化,以及改变肿瘤与微环境相互作用等促进肿瘤的生长[14]。SOX11表达水平低的MCL患者的生存期更短[15]。在子宫内膜癌[16]、膀胱癌[17]、前列腺癌[18]、颈部鳞状细胞癌[19]、肝癌[20]等不同肿瘤中也显示出不同作用。在胶质瘤中,SOX11通过与Zic家族成员1(Zic family member 1,ZIC1)启动子结合上调ZIC1的表达,ZIC1诱导胶质瘤细胞进入神经元样细胞以抑制细胞生长[21]。Camacho-Urkaray等[22]在55个GBM标本中检测8种与肿瘤相关的蛋白的表达,发现肿瘤大小、p53、p16和SOX11与患者总生存期相关,肿瘤大小与细胞周期蛋白D1、p53、SOX11和WT1相关。本研究中,SOX11阳性表达者与肿瘤直径及Ki67增殖指数相关,推测SOX11表达水平可能与GBM进展有关,但其作用机制仍需进一步探索。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-07 本文編辑:王 蕾)