张祥美
◎要点梳理
英语中的名词按其是否可以用数目来计算可分为可数名词(可用数目计算)和不可数名词(不可用数目计算)。这两种名词在用法上是有区别的,具体有以下几种区别:
一、可数名词有单、复数之分。表示一个人或事物时,用单数;表示一个以上的人或事物时,用复数。如:an apple — two apples; a tomato — ten tomatoes; a baker — two bakers。而不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:a lot of beef , some pork。
【友情提醒】不可数名词表示不同的类别时,可用复数。比如fish作“鱼肉”讲时是不可数名词,指鱼的种类时则是可数名词。
二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a / an;而不可数名词前不能用a / an。例如:
Song Hong is a manager. She can?蒺t see milk on the table.宋虹是个经理。她看不见桌子上的牛奶。
【友情提醒】在表示特指时,可数名词和不可数名词前都要用定冠词the。例如:
Pass me the onions, please.请把洋葱递给我。
The chicken on the plate is yours.盘子里的鸡肉是你的。
三、可数名词表示数量意义时可用many, a few, few等词修饰;不可数名词则要用much, a little, little等词修饰。例如:
There are many potatoes in the basket, but not much meat.篮子里有许多土豆,但肉不多。
There is little water in the bottle.瓶子里几乎没有水。
【友情提醒】这两类名词都可以被some, any, a lot of, lots of等词修饰。如:some carrots, any brushes, some rice, a lot of milk等。
四、可数名词前通常可用具体的数词来修饰;不可数名词表示数量的多少时,必须与表示数量的名词连用,即“数词+表示数量的名词(可数名词)+of+不可数名词”。例如:
There are three women under the tree. 树下有三个妇女。
There are two glasses of milk on the table.桌上有两杯牛奶。
五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数要与主语的单复数保持一致;不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:
There is some rice in the bowl.碗里有些米饭。
All the students are in the classroom.所有的学生都在教室里。
【友情提醒】当不可数名词前面有表示数量的名词,且该名词为复数形式时,谓语动词要用复数形式。例如:
There are four glasses of coffee on the table.桌子上有四杯咖啡。
六、对可数名词的数量提问时用how many,对不可数名词的数量提问时用how much。例如:
We have got ten bananas in the fridge. → How many bananas have you got in the fridge?
There is some pork in the basket. → How much pork is there in the basket?
I want two cups of tea. → How many cups of tea do you want?
七、英语中,有些名词本身常以复数形式出现,如:trousers , clothes, glasses(眼镜)等。当这些名词作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。若表示“一条;一双”等时,可用“a pair of...”来表示,这时谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:
A pair of shoes is under the bed.一双鞋在床下。
有些名词在汉语中是可数名词,但在英语中却是不可数名词,如:money(钱),jiao(角),bread(面包)等。而有些名词,既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词,如:orange作“橙汁”讲时是不可数名词,作“橙子”讲时又是可数名词。
另外,有些集合名词也是可数名词,但不同的是,它们以单数形式出现,表示复数意义,如:people, police, family等。而有些可数名词本身就以复数形式出现,如:clothes, glasses(眼镜)等。还有些可数名词单、复数形式相同,如:sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。
◎真题回放
1.There?蒺s a little left at home. Go and buy some, dear.
【2016·海南中考題】
A.carrots B.potatoes C.rice
【答案与解析】C 本题考查名词词义辨析。a little修饰不可数名词。故选C项。
2.—Alice, which season do you like best?
—Autumn. The fallen are like a thick blanket on the ground. What beautiful scenery it is!
【2018·哈爾滨中考题】
A.leaf B.leafs C.leaves
【答案与解析】C 本题考查可数名词复数形式的构成。名词leaf的复数形式是将f改为v再加?鄄es。故选C项。
3.They are thirsty. Will you please give them ?
【2017·西藏中考题】
A.some bottles of waters
B.some bottles of water
C.some bottle of water
D.some bottle of waters
【答案与解析】B 本题考查不可数名词数量的表达。water为不可数名词,不可数名词的数量应用恰当的量词来表示,其结构为“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”,bottle是可数名词,“几瓶水”为some bottles of water。故选B项。
4.—How many doctors are there in your hospital, David?
— them over one hundred.
【2018·眉山中考题】
A.woman; The number of; is
B.women; A number of; are
C.woman; A number of; is
D.women; The number of; is
【答案与解析】D 本题考查名词的单、复数形式。当man / woman后面的名词为复数形式时,那么man / woman也应变为复数形式;a number of意为“许多;一些”,后接名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数,the number of意为“……的数量”,后接名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。故选D项。
5.—There many foreign students
in her class.
—Yes. I know two of them are .
【2017·营口中考题】
A.are; Japanese B.is; Australian
C.are; Germany D.is; America
【答案与解析】A 本题考查谓语动词与主语的关系以及集合名词的用法。上句中的主语为可数名词复数形式,谓语动词要用复数形式,下句中的主语为复数形式,后面的名词也要用复数形式。故选A项。
◎巩固小练
将下面句子中的错误找出,并改正吧!
1.Those woman teachers are cleaning their office.
2.Lily and Jim do their homeworks every evening.
3.There are only tea here.
4.—How many meat do you want?
—Half a kilo.
5.A pair of shoes are under the chair.
6.There are a lot of rice in my bag.
7.The trousers is too long for me.
8.How much bottles of milk do you want?