陈纯斌
《英文经典短篇小说阅读与赏析》这门校本课程是广东省广州市第二中学专门为高一应元班和实验班的学生开设的。他们的英语基础良好,自主学习能力较强,有一定的探索钻研精神。虽然为年级的尖子生,相当一部分学生仍然以题海战术作为提升阅读技能的主要手段。他们习惯做以单项选择为主的标准化阅读理解练习,一味被动地在文本中寻找答案,未能主动地对文本进行个性化解读。许多学生只是停留在对文本知识的记忆和理解上,对文本的言外之意、作者的情感态度、核心观点、赏析文本的选词用句等缺乏自己的见解和观点,用英语提出问题、解决问题的能力有待提高。
阅读和赏析英文经典短篇小说是培养学生英语思维品质和人文素质,提升英语综合能力的最佳途径之一。相对于长篇巨著,这些字数在1000 字左右的英文经典短篇小说内容精悍,如欧·亨利的《最后一片叶子》《麦琪的礼物》,爱伦·坡的《失窃的信》,凯特·肖邦的《一双丝袜》等集故事性、趣味性、人文性为一体,能激发学生的学习热情和兴趣,也便于教师在课堂上的实际施教操作。同时,鉴于现阶段的英语教科书普遍存在偏重技能性,缺乏思维性和人文性等问题,英文经典短篇小说无论是在语言的地道性方面,还是在思维深度和人文素养培养方面都更胜一筹。对于尖子生来说,这样的课程更具挑战性、创新性,更能有效培养其英语思维和表达习惯,提高其阅读理解能力、批判性思维能力、赏析文学作品的能力和写作水平,同时提升其跨文化意识和人文素养。
结合学生的特点和在阅读方面存在的问题,笔者将评判性阅读技能引入《英文经典短篇小说阅读与赏析》这门校本课程的教学实践,旨在提升阅读层次,促使学生积极主动思考,真正理解语篇,形成个性见解,并最终培养学生的批判性阅读思维。
评判性阅读(Critical Reading)又称批判性阅读,要求读者在阅读过程中利用预测、分析、质疑、推断、总结、评价等批判性思维方法,达到对阅读材料的深层理解;它是一种深层次阅读,是一种积极的个性化阅读(张淳2009)。皮罗齐(Pirozzi,2003)将评判性阅读定义为“对文本的高层次理解,它包括释义和评价的技能,可以使读者分辨重要和非重要信息,把事实和观点区分开,并且确定作者的目的和语气;同时,要通过推理推导出言外之意,填补空白部分,得出符合逻辑的结论”。评判性阅读的常用策略包括预测、预览、评注、推断、提问、概述、评价等(Flynn 1989)。评判性阅读要求阅读者积极参与阅读过程,不仅要对阅读材料进行简单梳理,了解主旨大意,还要根据已有的背景知识和所得信息进行推理判断,深入领会作者意图,形成自己的观点,甚至对作者的观点提出质疑。因此,阅读教学不只是让学生通过略读、寻读查找信息,理解大意,它还涉及对文本更深层次的分析、探究和评价(贵丽萍、黄建英,等2011)。教师必须有意识地挖掘文本材料,创设条件,在不同环节设计相关的教学活动,增加学生运用评判性阅读策略的机会,真正提高学生的阅读能力和思维能力。
文本材料:美国著名短篇小说家欧·亨利的英文短篇小说《麦琪的礼物》
Step 1:Warming Up
笔者就标题提出问题:“How do you understand the title The Gift of the Magi? Does the word Magi refer to a person's name?”学生给出不同的答案。
笔者呈现图片和文字,以连环画的形式介绍故事The Adoration of the Magi 中the Magi 的相关背景故事和含义。The word Magi is the plural form of magus.They are believed to be the ones who invented the art of giving Christmas presents.
【设计说明】这一环节运用了评判性阅读中的预览(Preview)策略,激发了学生的阅读兴趣,激活了他们的背景知识,提高了其阅读效率,从而为后续阅读作好了铺垫,进而为更好地理解文章主旨奠定了基础。
Step 2:Reading for the Plot
Task 1:Find out the“time,event,character”quickly.
鼓山下院广场项目地块总面积为37 711.3 m2(合56.56亩),作业过程严格按照《城市测量规范》(CJJ/T 8—2011)和福州市勘测院《土方测量作业指导书》要求进行,坐标系为福州城市地方平面直角坐标系,高程为罗零高程系。经检验,测量成果精度准确、可靠。
Task 2:Use complete sentences to summarize the main plot by following the logic of“beginning—development—result”.
【设计说明】该环节设计了两个任务,需要学生运用评判性阅读中的概述(Summarizing)策略。概述要求阅读者在理解文本内容的基础上筛除次要信息,提取核心信息,并用简明、确切的语言加以表述,不得加入自己的主观评论和解释。Task 1 相对简单,学生很快可以提取到答案。笔者在学生完成第一个任务后设计了第二个任务,让学生根据时间、人物、事件这三大要素和起因、经过、结果的故事内在逻辑,简要概括故事,这样既加深了学生对文本材料的理解,又培养了学生的语言组织能力和概述能力。以下是学生的发言内容:
Being Poor,Della decides to sell her hair to buy a Christmas gift for her husband Jim.After selling her precious hair,she buys Jim a chain for his gold watch.But later Jim gives Della a beautiful set of combs,which proves to be of no use for her now.Then,Della gives the chain to Jim,but is told that Jim has sold his gold watch to get the money to buy the combs for her hair.
Step 3:Read for Comprehension
Task 1:Analyzing Della's and Jim's character.
In the story,the writer gives vivid descriptions of Della's and Jim's behaviour and facial expressions.Please underline these sentences and discuss with your partner to analyze their characters.
下表是笔者整理的部分学生答案。
Della/Jim's character Clues in a very negative mood(disappointed,worried,upset,desperate,helpless)She stood by the window and looked out at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard.in a complicated mood,half sad and half delighted.Her eyes were shining,but her face had lost its color within twenty seconds.delighted With a quick motion and brightness still in her eyes,she danced out the door and down the street.eager White fingers quickly tore at the string and paper.nervous and worried Then she heard his step and she turned white for just a minute.very surprised,unbelievable He simply looked at her with a strange expression on his face.“You have cut off your hair?”asked Jim,slowly,as if he had not accepted the information even after his mind worked very hard.
【设计说明】学生在做完故事内容概述之后,对故事大意已经比较了解,此时运用评判性阅读中的分析(Analyzing)和推断(Inferring)策略,将升华对文本的理解。要完成这一环节的任务,学生首先必须对文本内容作出筛选,找出重点句子,同时拓展思维,深入分析推理,思考后得出结论。笔者不局限于学生给出的关于主人公性格特点的简单答案,还进行追问。例如,学生找出这样的句子:“Instead of obeying,Jim fell on the couch and put his hands under the back of his head and smiled.”笔者问:“Why didn't Jim obey? Why did he smile?”学生答:“He didn't obey,because he had sold his gold watch and the chain was of no use for him now.He smiled,which indicates that though they had both done something that seemed foolish,he was glad that they both did that out of love for each other.”正是因为对文本有了充分的理解和深入的分析,学生才有了高质量的输出;同时,学生也能透过文本的表层信息领悟作者在文字背后所塑造的人物的特点和人格魅力。以上环节有效地提高了学生的分析推断阅读技能。
Task 2:Further Questions.
After you get a better understanding of the story,now think over two questions.
1. Why does the author compare the couple to the Magi?
2.Which part of the story impresses you most?
【设计说明】本环节需要学生运用评判性阅读中的提问(Questioning)、分析(Analyzing)和评价(Evaluating)策略。在高中英语阅读教学中,教师一般提出的问题分为展示型问题、参阅型问题、评估型问题(梁美珍2011)。本环节的这两个问题分别属于参阅型问题、评估型问题。参阅型问题没有现成的答案,要求学生结合个人的理解和文章所提供的信息进行综合分析。所以在回答第一个问题时,学生不仅要透彻理解文本,还要运用评判性阅读中的分析(Analyzing)策略,才能抓住文章精髓,形成自己的结论。评估型问题要求学生在理解文章的基础上进行深层次的逻辑思维,运用所学语言知识就某个事件或观点发表自己的看法。第二个问题是开放性问题。学生各抒己见,从不同的角度对文本作出个性化的解读。这一过程实际上已运用了评判性阅读中的评价(Evaluating)策略。评价是一种体现评判性思维的综合技能,一般用于读后环节的活动设计中。教师可以引导学生对作者的观点、文章内容、作者的意图、作者的措辞、篇章结构等进行评价(贵丽萍、黄建英,等2011)。这一环节的设计不仅培养了学生的思维能力,还提高了他们的语言综合运用能力。以下摘录了一些代表性观点:
S1:Despite that Jim and Della were in dire poverty,both of them were willing to sacrifice what they cherished most just to give the other a Christmas gift.This profoundly moves me.It's essence that love defeated money is meaningful in this big bad world full of material desire.
S2:What touches me most is Della's attitude towards life and tough times.Although Jim and Della suffered from serious poverty,they still tried their best to find a satisfactory gift for each other and even ignore the most cherished possessions of their own.Life is hard for this young couple,but as long as they had the passion and love to the life,they could lead a simple life full of happiness.
S3:What impresses me most is the greatness of love sparkling in common people. Though Jim and Della struggled to make ends meet,they are willing to sacrifice their priceless possessions for each other.The beauty of their humanity and their touching love are reflected by a pair of simple and awkward gifts.
Step 4:Post-reading
Four students work in a group to create a new story.
If you are to continue this story,what do you think will happen next?
【设计说明】本环节先由学生在课堂上以四人小组为单位讨论完成,再由一名学生代表口述续写的故事,最后笔者布置把口头表达修改润色成书面作文的任务。读后续写练习需要学生结合所读材料,再写作、再创造,其过程涉及分析、评价、综合所有材料,需要充分运用发散性思维、创造性思维,能培养学生的批判性思维能力。以下为一个小组代表的习作:
They carried on living their lives.All of a sudden,they became very rich and thrived from nothing.Wonder why? One day the king petrolled around the city in which the couple lived. All civilians were out to see the king for themselves,including Jim and Della. Della was not even dressed when she hurried to go out. Her hair was in a mess. So as the king's carriage passed by slowly,Della was combing her hair.The king saw her tidying her hair with a shining comb by coincidence and was charmed by this scene.So he decided to exchange Della's comb with gold and jewels,even with a promising job for Jim.
As you can imagine,their difficult times were gone with the wind,and they lived a happy life from then on...
《英文经典短篇小说的阅读和赏析》这门课程开设时限接近一年。在教学过程中,笔者一直坚持运用评判性阅读策略。一年下来,笔者发现学生思考问题更加积极、主动,能多角度、全方位地分析、解决问题,提升了思维能力,同时提高了语言运用能力和在活动过程中语言输出的质量。
在培养评判性阅读能力的过程中,教师需要注意以下几点:
第一,精心设计有深度、有层次、多样化、能够引发学生思考的问题。设计的任务应激发学生的问题意识,发挥学生的自主性,增加学生使用评判性阅读技能的机会,避免流于表面或形式。
第二,营造民主、宽松的课堂氛围,激发学生的评判性意识。教师应鼓励学生个性化思考,大胆表达自我,甚至挑战书本和权威。对于提出错误观点的学生也不能打击其独立思考的积极性。只有这样,才能真正促进学生评判性思维的养成。
第三,改变作业方式,变“刷题”为“读书”,帮助学生养成自主评判性阅读习惯。苏霍姆林斯基说:“要想让学生变得更聪明,不是给他们增加作业,不是给他们补课,而是让他们阅读、阅读、再阅读。”评判性思维能力的提高是一个长期、持续的过程。课堂时间是有限的,仅限于课堂的阅读活动是远远不够的。教师可以通过少留或不留练习题,改为阅读、摘抄、给文章写评注等方式来培养学生的阅读习惯。让阅读从课堂走向课外,让英语阅读成为一种自然的生活方式,让学习随时随地发生,让批判性思维成为习惯。