衷于阅读文本，弥补信息逆差

高先宏

摘 要：为了确保阅读理解题目的难度与质量，真实地考核出学生的阅读理解水平，命题者在出题时往往会设置至少一个能从实质上干扰到正确选项的选项。这类选项可能代表着读者所得出的结论，它（们）所包含的信息与作者通过文本所要真正传递的信息或多或少存在着不对称或差别，于是就借用社会学上的“信息逆差”来表达。

关键词：高考;命题;干扰

一、望文生义之差

阅读者不关注、不了解某个词/短语在语境中的确切涵义，只从字面上牵强附会地作出对问题的解答。

题例：（2018年全国卷I-C篇）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers， small， tightly knit （联系） groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago， when the world had just five to ten million people， they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.

28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times？

A. They developed very fast.

B. They were large in number.

C. They had similar patterns.

D. They were closely connected

*命题套路揭秘：答案是B。命题者利用部分考生望文生义的“偏好”，故意在某些关键词上做文章，让这部分粗心大意的考生跌入文字陷阱。

二、主客观差

即文本描述的是中性或不带任何主观色彩，但是选项却添加上褒义/贬义含义或带着主观色彩。反之也是，即文本带着主观倾向的描述，而选项却以中性或不带主观色彩进行同义转述。

题例：（2016年全国卷I-B篇）No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law.Marian Robinson， ahs agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family.

26.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson s decision？

A.17% expressed their support for it.（实质干扰项）

C.83% believed it had a bad influence.（实质干扰项）

D.The majority thought it was a trend.（正确选项）

*命题套路揭秘：A、C两个选项都对文本被调查者观点添加了主观色彩，文章并没有表态究竟是什么影响。

三、地点差

即题目中出现的事件发生地点与文本有出入。如文本提到了多个地点，命题者选四个地点作为四个选项，导致粗心或未看明白的考生对地点的混淆;也如，文章中发生的某事与某地點的相对位置有误差。

题例：（2018年天津卷-A篇）A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester. During a fire drill， please do the following：

◎Take your room key and ID， close and lock the door to your room.

◎Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit; do not use a lift.

◎Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.

38. In a fire drill， the students should____.

C. Shut the door and leave at once（正确选项）

D. Wait for instructions in the hall.（实质干扰项）

*命题套路揭秘：文本里所发生的“等待进一步指示”的地点是在大厅外面（outside of your residence hall），而非大厅里面（in the hall）。

四、标的物差

即文本中呈现了几个不同的带有某种特征的物体/物品，命题者为考核读者是否张冠李戴、混淆彼此，便依据其特点进行出题，选项则包含文本提及的几个物体/物品。

题例：（2018年北京卷-B篇）

Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation Center

For the trainees，the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges（荣誉徽章）.At Space Camp， trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets， learn about space tasks and trysimulated （模拟）flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit（駕驶舱）of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start ontheir Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water-and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of "downed" pilot.

41.To earn a Space Exploration badge， a trainee needs to _________.

C.study the principles of flight（实质干扰项）

D.build and fire model rockets（正确选项）

*命题套路揭秘：文本中若密集出现类似物体/物品，命题者往往会利用阅读者的阅读错觉或理解误差进行设题，难度不等。本题中的study the principles of flight是拿到 Aviation badge的条件。

五、时间差

时间差是指学生在理解文本中某个事件于何时发生与文本实际时间存在误差;也指选项中的事件发生的时间与文本发生时间不吻合。

题例：（2017年11月浙江卷-A篇）I told my father how Mrs. Stanley talked as if Mr. Stanley were still alive. Dad said she was probably lonely， and that I ought to sit and listen and nod my head and smile， and maybe shed work it out of her system. So thats what I did， and it turned out Dad was right. After a while she seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery （墓地）.

23.Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “work it out of her system”？

A.recover from her sadness（正确选项）

D.speak out about her past.（实质干扰项）

*命题套路揭秘：如果选D（说出过往的事情）的话，说明在作者听、点头、微笑的状态下，最后Mrs.Stanley才倾诉。现实中并非这样。现实中往往是“我”坐下来边听边积极地点头、微笑，说明是处于“听中”状态，然后Mrs. Stanley从悲伤中走出来，这样时间段上比较匹配。

六、方式差

方式差是命题者利用学生理解文本中某件事情的执行方式与文本实际执行方式可能会存在误差，从而设置干扰选项。

题例：（2015年全国卷II-A篇） Gradually， this noise began to appear during a show， and to get rid of it， I had to change to another channel and then change it back. Sometimes this technique would not work， and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles（肌肉） shaking my set.

When neither of these methods removed the static noise， I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away. At last I ended up hitting the set with my first， and it stopped working altogether. My trip to the repair shop cost me ￥62， and the sit is working well now， but I keep expecting more trouble.

23. How did the author finally get this TV set working again？

A.By shaking and hitting it.（实质干扰项）

C.By switching channels.（实质干扰项）

D.By having it repaired.（正确选项）

七、程度差

即文本描述对象的某种事态、形态或状态，与选项中的相应事态、形态或状态在程度上不一致，如程度故意夸大或缩小。

题例：（2018天津卷-A篇）Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so. Irresposible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property. Misuse of a fire extingusher will result in fines.

39. What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers？

A.Using them wrongly results in punishment.（正确选项，程度与文本吻合）

C.Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.（实质干扰项，程度被夸大）

编辑 冯志强