李凤云
语法教学是英语教学的重要组成部分,其成效在一定程度上影响着学生的英语水平。对许多教师而言,外语教学就是语法教学,外语教学活动基本上是围绕着语法学习进行的。但实践证明,以语法为中心的外语教学并不能真正提高学生的英语交际能力,许多学生学了多年的语法,在真正运用时却依然是聋子和哑巴。那么,如何将传统的语法讲授课变成以学生为主体,以运用语法进行交际为目的的课程呢?语篇教学或许在这方面能给我们一些启示。
功能语法与语篇教学
功能语法认为语篇不仅有利于对语法意义的理解,有些语法项目根本就存在于语篇语境。下面这个例子就能清楚地说明语篇对冠词学习的重要性:
An old woman had a beautiful cat. One day she lost her cat, and could find it nowhere. She was very disappointed. Suddenly she saw a(the)cat lying by the roadside, almost dying. She was very happy and brought it home.
老妇人是否找到了她的猫,在语篇中不同的冠词传达的意思是不同的。如果用定冠词“the”,说明她找到了自己的猫;如果用不定冠词“a”,则意味着她找到的是另一只猫。如果没有上下文,单靠一些意义不关联的句子是很难表达定冠词和不定冠词在意义上的差别。
再以时态为例。通过对下面这篇作文的改写,我们不难发现,语篇还是进行“时态”与“连贯”教学的理想载体。
I don't know what to do for my vacation. It will start in three weeks. I saved enough money for a really nice trip. I already went to Hawaii. It will be too early to go to the mountains. I worked hard all year. I really need a break.
如果孤立地看每个句子,无论用词还是时态,都没有大问题,但是把它们放在一起构成一个篇章,那么从篇章的连贯性、时态的一致性等方面看,问题就很大。对文章进行如下改动,时态就合理了,文章也更为连贯。
I don't know what to do for my vacation. It starts in three weeks. I have saved enough money for a really nice trip. I have already been to Hawaii. It is too early to go to the mountains. I have worked hard all year. I really need a break.
比较这两篇文章,主要改动的是时态:用现在时代替将来时。这样文章对所有动作的陈述都统一在一个时间,从而使文章具有连贯性。由此可见,语篇层面的语法教学是句子层面的语法教学所不能替代的。
利用语篇开展语法教学
例如,教师给出以下情境:It's 5:30 in the afternoon now.I'm running out of my office for home. But, ...oops, I can't find my key, I don't remember where I put them.
然后学生根据内容运用“could have done”或“must have done”应答,从而比较“could do sth”和“could have done”“must do sth”和“must have done”以及“could have done”的意义。
在采用书面语形式方面,对于不易掌握的语法项目,可以通过读写练习进行教学。美国研究语法教学的应用语言学家戴安·拉森弗里曼(Diane Larsen-Freeman)列举了一个较好的例子。她指出,在教被动时态时,教师在进行了形式与意义的教学后,先让学生阅读一个小语段,然后要求他們根据上下文,从教师给出的分别含有主动与被动语态的两个句子中选择一个正确的句子连接上句:
Some of the Olympic athletes from the smaller countries, such as Korea and Romania, were truly remarkable. In fact, ________.
(1)the Romanians won three gold medals in gymnastics.
(2)three gold medals in gymnastics were won by Romanians.
正确答案是运用主动语态的(1),因为上一句主要内容是说运动员,并已提到Romania,下句接着说Romanians连贯性就较强。
在得出正确答案之后,为了进一步挑战学生运用被动语态的能力,教师要求学生将这一段话用被动语态表达出来,且意义要连贯。
这样的练习能帮助学生不仅理解被动语态的形式与意义,而且了解在何种场合运用它们。
综上所述,语法承担语言形式教学的任务,而听、说、读、写等技能的训练则负担语言运用职责。在语篇中进行语法教学可以将两者结合起来,是值得尝试的一种教学思路。
作者单位 西安市第六中学