田小霞,毛培春,张 琳,郭 强,孟 林
(北京市农林科学院 北京草业与环境研究发展中心,北京 100097)
土壤盐渍化造成土壤容重升高、结构板结、养分有效性降低,导致植株生理干旱,甚至严重危害植物生长,限制农业和林业的生产发展[1-2]。采用适宜的生物学措施可以改良和利用盐渍土。筛选耐盐植物,尤其是采用遗传育种方法选育优良耐盐牧草,既可改良和利用盐渍土并发展畜牧业,又可遏制土地盐碱化、促进生态循环[3],是盐渍土改良的有效措施之一。在相同环境条件下,不同植物种类的耐盐性不同[4],甚至同种植物不同种源间或不同品种间的耐盐性也存在差异,因此,筛选耐盐能力强的植物是抗逆性杂交育种和分子育种的基础。
豆科(Fabaceae)苜蓿属(MedicagoLinn.)种类多为一年生或多年生草本植物,富含丰富的矿质元素、维生素和蛋白质,具有重要的利用价值[5]。紫花苜蓿(M.sativaLinn.)是全球广泛栽培的豆科草本植物之一,有“牧草之王”的美称[6];黄花苜蓿(M.falcataLinn.)的产量略低于紫花苜蓿,但该种可在寒冷或干旱等逆境条件下生长,也是优良牧草之一[7]。引种、筛选和培育耐盐的苜蓿属植物品种,不仅可用于盐碱地改良,而且还有利于增加饲料产量,促进畜牧业发展,而苜蓿属植物耐盐性评价是耐盐新品种培育的基础。如何对苜蓿属植物进行耐盐性评价并提高耐盐植物的筛选效率,是不同学科研究者一直探索的问题[8]。相关研究结果[9-10]表明:苗期阶段是苜蓿属植物耐盐性评价的最佳时期;李源等[11]采用盆栽法,利用植株的地上部和地下部干质量、存活率和苗高等指标进行聚类分析,从48份苜蓿属植物样本筛选出15份耐盐能力强的样本;岳明强等[8]认为,营养液培养法适用于苜蓿属植物苗期耐盐性的评价。
为筛选适宜苜蓿属植物耐盐性评价的方法和指标,综合上述研究结果,作者采用营养液培养法,对苜蓿属15种132份样本苗期的生长和生理指标进行测定;并基于各指标的耐盐系数,采用主成分分析与隶属函数值相结合的综合分析方法,并结合耐盐性综合评价值及聚类分析对供试样本的耐盐性进行归类分析,以期初步筛选出苗期耐盐性强的样本,为选育适宜盐渍土栽培的苜蓿属植物新品种提供基础数据。
供试132份样本隶属于苜蓿属15种,分别为紫花苜蓿(样本1519、4559、4570、4587、4600、4607、5457、5468、5476、5486、5492、9145、9186、9190、9210、9222、9225、9486、9498、9508、9531、9539、9617、9626、10059、10088、10105、10126、10131、10149、10162、10163、10173、10192、10203、10206、10216、10223、10231、10244和10271)及其品种‘中苜一号’(‘Zhongmu 1’)和‘AZ-88NDC’;M.cancellataM. Bieb.(样本3012);M.carstiensisWulf(样本3062);M.hemicyclaGrossh.(样本4818和4827);M.prostrataJacq.(样本5453);黄花苜蓿(样本3537、3674、3694、3701、3745、3749、3754、3773、3792、3803、3821、3847、3855、3988、3996、4037、4045、4062、5234、5316、3653、3779、3555a、3645和10099);M.variaMart.(样本7050、7399、7408、7152、7137、7144、7118、7104、7037、7024、7012、7006、7432、9958、9724、9750和9767);M.coeruleaLess.(样本1604、1836、1866、1969、2001和5407);M.difalcataSinskaya(样本3385、4944、3264、3314、3253a和3325);M.quasifalcataSinskaya(样本4969、5069、5078、5035、5046和5098);M.trautvetteriiSumnev.(样本4158、4075、4137、4200、4187、4092、4169、2288、2163、2225和2279);M.glutinosaBieb.(样本2652、4799、4773和4805);M.glandulosaDavid.(样本2461和2470);M.borealisGrossh.(样本3172、3211和3142);M.tianschanicaVass.(样本4745、4758、4737和4712)。设置紫花苜蓿品种‘中苜一号’和‘AZ-88NDC’为对照。
除品种‘AZ-88NDC’由北京克劳沃草业技术开发中心提供外,其他样本均由中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所牧草资源室提供。
1.2.1 幼苗培养与胁迫处理 实验在北京市农林科学院温室内进行,控制日均温(25±3) ℃、平均空气相对湿度(60±5)%。选择籽粒饱满的种子,先用体积分数5%NaClO溶液消毒15 min,后用去离子水冲洗6次,置于铺有双层滤纸(蒸馏水湿润)的培养皿中,每皿100粒种子,每份样本4个培养皿;置于25 ℃恒温培养箱(宁波江南仪器厂)中,于光照度3 000 lx、光照时间16 h·d-1的条件下培养。待种子萌发至2枚子叶完全展开时,选择长势基本一致的幼苗移至用锡箔纸包裹的水培盒(长35.0 cm、宽27.0 cm、高10.5 cm)中,幼苗用薄海绵条包裹并固定在96孔泡沫板上,每个水培盒6份样本,每份样本16株;用Hoagland营养液培养,每隔3 h通气1 h,每7 d更换1次营养液,待幼苗长至三叶期时进行NaCl胁迫处理。
NaCl处理液用Hoagland营养液配制,质量浓度分别设置为0(对照)、3、5、7和9 g·L-1;在每个水培盒中一次性加入9 L不同质量浓度的NaCl处理液,胁迫处理15 d;处理期间,每2 d补充1次Hoagland营养液,使处理液体积保持在9 L,每7 d更换1次处理液;每处理每份样本16株幼苗,3次重复。NaCl胁迫处理结束后测定各项指标。
1.2.2 生长和生理指标测定 在胁迫处理开始前用直尺(精度0.01 cm)定株测量幼苗株高,胁迫处理结束时按上述方法测量幼苗株高;同时统计单株绿叶数(复叶叶片2/3以上呈现绿色的绿叶总数)。胁迫处理结束后,取整株幼苗置于105 ℃烘箱中杀青30 min,然后于80 ℃烘干至恒质量,用电子天平(精度0.001 g)称量其干质量。各样本每处理各测定6株。
在各处理的每份样本上分别随机选取相同部位叶片,采用电导仪法[12]208-209测定叶片相对电导率,采用紫外分光光度法[12]74-76测定叶片叶绿素含量。上述指标均重复测定3次。
按照公式“生长速率=(胁迫结束时幼苗株高-胁迫开始前幼苗株高)/15”计算幼苗生长速率;按照公式“存活率=(胁迫结束时存活植株数/移植总株数)×100%”计算幼苗存活率;按照公式“耐盐系数(ω)=处理组某指标测定值的平均值/对照组同指标测定值的平均值”分别计算各供试样本各指标的耐盐系数(ω)。
采用戴海芳等[13]的方法,依据各指标的耐盐系数进行主成分分析,并依据主成分分析结果分别计算各供试样本的各项综合指标值(CIx)和隶属函数值〔μ(x)〕。采用贾亚雄等[14]的方法计算各综合指标的权重和各供试样本的耐盐性综合评价值(D),并采用系统聚类法依据D值对供试样本进行聚类分析。以紫花苜蓿品种‘中苜一号’和‘AZ-88NDC’的D值为对照对供试样本的耐盐性进行归类,D值大于‘中苜一号’的样本归类为强耐盐型,D值小于或等于‘中苜一号’但大于‘AZ-88NDC’的样本归类为中耐盐型,D值小于或等于‘AZ-88NDC’但大于0.5的样本归类为弱耐盐型,D值小于或等于0.5的样本归类为敏盐型。
采用EXCEL 2010软件进行数据处理,并采用SPSS 19.0软件进行多元统计分析。
实验结果表明:经不同质量浓度NaCl胁迫处理15 d后,供试的132份苜蓿属植物样本的幼苗存活率、幼苗生长速率、叶片叶绿素含量、苗高、单株干质量和单株绿叶数6个指标的测定值均低于对照(0 g·L-1NaCl),但叶片相对电导率的测定值均高于对照。基于NaCl胁迫条件下供试132份样本幼苗各指标的测定值分别计算耐盐系数,结果见表1。
由表1可见:样本4187幼苗生长速率的耐盐系数最大,为0.886,但其幼苗存活率和叶片叶绿素含量的耐盐系数均较小,分别仅为0.559和0.585。样本4587的幼苗存活率、叶片叶绿素含量、苗高、单株干质量和单株绿叶数的耐盐系数分别达到0.790、0.913、0.720、0.819和0.880,但其幼苗生长速率的耐盐系数仅为0.450。
从各单项指标看,幼苗存活率的耐盐系数为0.394~0.926,大于0.8的样本有24份,其中最高的为样本10173,最低的为样本3754。幼苗生长速率的耐盐系数为0.147~0.886,大于0.8的样本有6份,小于0.3的样本有12份,其中最高的为样本4187,最低的为样本4818。叶片叶绿素含量的耐盐系数为0.393~0.913,大于0.8的样本有17份,其中最高的为样本4587,最低的为样本3773。苗高的耐盐系数为0.272~0.896,大于0.8的样本有10份,小于0.3的样本有1份,其中最高的为样本4799,最低的为样本4600。叶片相对电导率的耐盐系数为1.136~4.120,其中最高的为样本10173,最低的为样本3803。单株干质量的耐盐系数为0.293~0.961,高于0.8的样本有21份,小于0.3的样本仅1份,其中最高的为样本3172,最低的为样本4607。单株绿叶数的耐盐系数为0.283~0.975,高于0.8的样本有44份,小于0.3的样本仅1份,其中最高的为样本4570,最低的为样本4818。
表1NaCl胁迫条件下苜蓿属15种植物132份样本的幼苗生长和生理指标的耐盐系数(ω)
Table1Salttolerantcoefficient(ω)ofgrowthandphysiologicalindexesofseedlingsof132samplesof15speciesinMedicagoLinn.underNaClstresscondition
编号1)No.1)样本Sam-ple各指标的ω值2) ω value of each index2)SRGRChlSHRECDWNGL编号1)No.1)样本Sample各指标的ω值2) ω value of each index2)SRGRChlSHRECDWNGL 115190.7130.3700.8160.5792.4630.6770.5096736530.7180.7480.7270.7192.6110.7310.681245590.6610.3800.8360.7552.9540.7790.5046837790.4690.3080.4680.4271.4450.4600.538345700.7150.4160.7910.6042.1520.8880.975693555a0.4620.5260.4730.4711.6230.5100.528445870.7900.4500.9130.7201.4940.8190.8807070500.6380.5000.6860.6302.0310.6550.726546000.6850.2240.7940.2722.9730.5670.5657173990.6190.5930.6130.6081.8540.6410.719646070.6760.4340.5930.4382.6090.2930.7537274080.8240.7600.7030.8262.9540.7430.785754570.5600.2710.5910.5092.3760.5950.8167371520.7720.7070.7090.7823.1830.7630.710854680.5310.2910.6700.5053.7570.8200.6867471370.6320.5640.6840.6252.1920.6480.544954760.5520.2990.6000.4772.8640.4300.5777571440.6810.6120.6630.6862.0260.6440.7461054860.5670.2000.7430.4012.0550.3770.5687671180.7060.6930.7180.7172.1890.7110.7771154920.5210.2500.5870.4362.8350.3830.5257771040.7030.6530.7830.7403.0580.7390.7751291450.7860.5450.6220.6342.8280.5280.7357870370.6200.5720.6800.6322.2020.6490.7451391860.8510.3910.7030.6182.8410.6870.6327970240.5780.5350.5610.5781.8240.5420.7581491900.8520.5110.8070.6183.0420.7500.9108070120.6160.5430.6040.6062.0070.5550.6291592100.7140.3710.6830.5023.2120.4190.7448170060.5840.4960.6010.5681.8210.5810.8221692220.8200.5390.8200.6143.4370.8600.8808274320.5870.4350.5830.5081.7310.4890.7541792250.8100.5300.7900.7603.6500.8300.8108399580.7780.6690.7060.7132.2900.7190.6881894860.8330.4360.6850.4934.0030.5240.7758497240.7790.6680.6950.7112.8000.7220.7311994980.8590.3830.6440.4732.6120.4750.9098597500.6810.5700.6410.6182.4950.6120.7112095080.9060.3510.8290.5172.7740.4920.7528697670.6620.6170.6390.6182.1280.6820.8852195310.7660.3390.8240.6093.3270.5900.9558716040.6960.4630.6750.6732.2210.6200.7672295390.8720.4700.7990.7203.6810.8500.8308818360.7040.7110.6710.7002.4080.7200.6902396170.8800.4640.8400.6902.9640.7600.8818918660.5620.5350.6250.5852.3830.5500.7202496260.8180.4650.7120.6272.8700.6310.7289019690.7310.7180.7070.7332.4740.7090.83725100590.6330.3220.8060.5181.4440.4860.8599120010.6870.7020.6440.6882.7520.5910.64426100880.8070.3360.7180.5612.5150.3940.7909254070.6820.6750.7360.7453.1870.7750.71927101050.7600.2450.7660.5352.4130.3450.6229333850.7050.6870.6390.8292.7300.7520.92628101260.7260.4420.6400.4883.0160.3660.7619449690.5300.7110.6800.6681.7000.7390.77129101310.7810.3270.7310.5052.2680.3880.6359550690.6530.6360.8120.7871.9630.8740.85430101490.6040.3390.7690.5342.8770.4650.6029650780.4740.6500.6230.6753.2930.7070.65031101620.8540.4230.7630.7211.9110.8640.8149741580.5940.5750.6080.6493.2660.6920.85432101630.9060.5230.7530.7023.3060.7930.8519822880.5100.5220.6190.6543.2220.7190.74433101730.9260.5500.8300.7094.1200.8300.8809921630.6610.6060.7650.7082.0820.7360.84534101920.8350.4050.6410.6032.7090.6290.85110022250.7490.5210.8050.6762.7960.7960.90835102030.8460.5200.8500.7194.0910.7880.94410122790.7790.6930.7140.8791.7950.8360.81236102060.9010.5870.7460.6672.8710.6760.93010226520.7200.8690.7340.7662.4740.6380.89737102160.8130.3380.6550.5441.3550.6420.81810347990.7550.8550.8580.8962.0820.7800.81138102230.8750.4900.7950.6901.4450.7900.91610424610.7620.7400.6840.7763.1750.9170.91038102310.8850.4800.7680.7101.9570.7330.96610524700.6280.7810.7360.7931.5300.8030.77140102440.8440.3770.6590.5191.6220.5260.93210631720.4210.8340.5950.6831.3050.9610.71741102710.8350.4010.6380.5292.0950.6680.86510732110.5150.6870.6580.7702.5050.7190.8104230120.7660.4180.7190.6272.4500.5410.65810836450.5600.7960.6320.8241.4610.9240.7654330620.8140.3800.7610.5062.4920.5180.83610947450.5410.7780.5490.7241.8780.7910.9024448180.6680.1470.5660.6731.5000.7090.28311050350.6540.7870.8120.7451.7100.8300.8534548270.6180.2780.7150.6171.4640.7800.41111149440.5230.6300.6530.7012.7710.7340.7664654530.6940.2330.6170.5001.8510.5940.41411232640.5400.8170.7550.7232.5460.9200.8084735370.5870.4920.6150.5821.9980.5710.68611333140.5360.6840.6490.7172.5470.7490.7974836740.6370.5820.6860.6812.4780.6750.52711440750.6240.7890.6200.6702.0110.8530.8444936940.5550.5920.5520.5761.9100.5540.59311541370.6310.6050.7050.8271.6650.7440.7735037010.6650.6020.6410.6322.0540.6480.645116100990.7400.8150.8090.8491.5470.8490.7565137450.4990.5190.5220.4501.7450.4670.50511750460.5630.6650.8010.8211.9230.7420.789
编号1)No.1)样本Sam-ple各指标的ω值2) ω value of each index2)SRGRChlSHRECDWNGL编号1)No.1)样本Sample各指标的ω值2) ω value of each index2)SRGRChlSHRECDWNGL5237490.5820.3220.5370.6092.0140.6600.71411850980.4290.4500.5880.6382.7640.6030.6975337540.3940.2970.4590.3881.3450.3940.48411942000.4780.5270.6230.8211.6140.9190.8255437730.4310.2700.3930.4251.3060.4820.51312041870.5590.8860.5850.8092.1760.7400.8135537920.5020.4760.6020.5101.5880.5140.77812147730.4930.5930.5620.6432.5450.7130.7425638030.5130.5910.5480.5851.1360.5890.66012248050.5130.5870.6500.7472.6270.7400.7735738210.6480.6510.6330.6562.0810.6360.74012347580.4840.5800.6260.6562.6700.7110.7685838470.7180.7110.7230.7433.2070.7010.71512447370.4000.6690.6250.7012.0170.7350.7745938550.4940.3070.4860.4931.6890.5320.52312547120.4780.5640.6100.6332.6490.7010.7316039880.5770.6190.6580.6722.5030.6250.62512631420.4540.7740.6210.7641.5710.7850.8186139960.7980.7520.6880.7792.3220.7270.7201273253a0.4420.5770.5990.6361.9280.6890.5006240370.4760.3970.5180.4731.9100.4740.40512833250.5190.6630.6640.7531.9410.7380.7906340450.5080.5820.5890.5431.9910.5160.68812940920.4460.6570.5790.6932.3220.7090.7446440620.3980.4400.4700.4411.3530.4770.52713041690.5050.7470.5090.7791.7090.9110.7776552340.4300.3960.4790.4261.4630.4870.523131 中苜一号Zhongmu 10.7810.7400.7450.7712.1700.8100.8676653160.6050.6210.6770.6212.0650.6410.659132AZ-88NDC0.7080.4660.6730.6142.4880.6140.736
1)1-41,131,132:MedicagosativaLinn.;42:M.cancellataM. Bieb.;43:M.carstiensisWulf;44,45:M.hemicyclaGrossh.;46:M.prostrataJacq.;47-69,108,116:M.falcataLinn.;70-86:M.variaMart.;87-92:M.coeruleaLess.;93,111-113,127,128:M.difalcataSinskaya;94-96,110,117,118:M.quasifalcataSinskaya;97-101,114,115,119,120,129,130:M.trautvetteriiSumnev.;102,103,121,122:M.glutinosaBieb.;104,105:M.glandulosaDavid.;106,107,126:M.borealisGrossh.;109,123-125:M.tianschanicaVass.
2)SR:幼苗存活率Survival rate of seedling;GR:幼苗生长速率Growth rate of seedling;Chl:叶片叶绿素含量 Chlorophyll content in leaf;SH:苗高Seedling height;REC:叶片相对电导率Relative electric conductivity of leaf;DW:单株干质量Dry weight per plant;NGL:单株绿叶数Number of green leaf per plant.
相关性分析结果(表2)表明:132份样本7个指标的耐盐系数间均存在不同程度的相关性,幼苗存活率与叶片叶绿素含量、叶片相对电导率和单株绿叶数呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与苗高呈显著(P<0.05)正相关;幼苗生长速率与苗高、单株干质量和单株绿叶数呈极显著正相关;叶片叶绿素含量与苗高、叶片相对电导率、单株干质量和单株绿叶数呈极显著正相关;苗高还与单株干质量和单株绿叶数呈极显著正相关;叶片相对电导率还与单株绿叶数呈极显著正相关;单株干质量还与单株绿叶数呈极显著正相关。
表2NaCl胁迫条件下苜蓿属植物幼苗的生长和生理指标的相关性分析结果1)
Table2ResultofcorrelationanalysisongrowthandphysiologicalindexesofseedlingsofMedicagoLinn.plantsunderNaClstresscondition1)
指标Index不同指标间的相关系数 Correlation coefficient among different indexesSRGRChlSHRECDWNGLSR1.000GR-0.0731.000Chl0.690**0.0931.000SH0.188*0.761**0.395**1.000REC0.428**-0.0230.405**0.0831.000DW0.1310.596**0.379**0.795**0.0821.000NGL0.450**0.387**0.456**0.438**0.246**0.424**1.000
1)SR:幼苗存活率Survival rate of seedling;GR:幼苗生长速率Growth rate of seedling;Chl:叶片叶绿素含量 Chlorophyll content in leaf;SH:苗高Seedling height;REC:叶片相对电导率Relative electric conductivity of leaf;DW:单株干质量Dry weight per plant;NGL:单株绿叶数Number of green leaf per plant. *:P<0.05;** :P<0.01.
对上述7个生长和生理指标的耐盐系数进行主成分分析,结果见表3。
由表3可见:前4个主成分的贡献率分别为45.656%、26.024%、9.637%和8.236%,累计贡献率达89.553%,这4个主成分基本代表了供试样本7个指标的大部分信息,因此,可以将这4个主成分用于苜蓿属植物的耐盐性分析。另外,在第1主成分中,苗高、单株干质量和单株绿叶数的耐盐系数特征向量较高,分别为0.470、0.440和0.409,表明这3个指标为第1主成分的主要作用因子;在第2主成分中,幼苗存活率和幼苗生长速率的耐盐系数特征向量较高,分别为0.520和-0.462,表明这2个指标为第2主成分的主要作用因子。
表3NaCl胁迫条件下苜蓿属植物幼苗的生长和生理指标的主成分分析结果
Table3ResultofprincipalcomponentanalysisongrowthandphysiologicalindexesofseedlingsofMedicagoLinn.plantsunderNaClstresscondition
主成分Principal component特征向量1) Eigenvector1)SRGRChlSHRECDWNGL特征值Eigenvalue贡献率/%Contribution rate累计贡献率/%Cumulative contribution rate10.3020.3590.3940.4700.2080.4400.4093.19645.65645.65620.520-0.4620.374-0.3080.438-0.2840.0961.82226.02471.6803-0.3020.192-0.2240.0500.8660.032-0.2620.6759.63781.3174-0.0610.215-0.393-0.2240.094-0.3250.7940.5778.23689.553
1)SR:幼苗存活率Survival rate of seedling;GR:幼苗生长速率Growth rate of seedling;Chl:叶片叶绿素含量 Chlorophyll content in leaf;SH:苗高Seedling height;REC:叶片相对电导率Relative electric conductivity of leaf;DW:单株干质量Dry weight per plant;NGL:单株绿叶数Number of green leaf per plant.
依据主成分分析结果,计算NaCl胁迫下各供试样本的综合指标值(CIx)和隶属函数值〔μ(x)〕,并依据上述4个主成分的贡献率计算4个综合指标的权重(分别为0.510、0.291、0.108和0.092),据此计算各样本的耐盐性综合评价值(D),并对其耐盐类型进行归类,结果见表4。
由表4可见:样本10173的D值最大,样本3754的D值最小,根据D值越大耐盐性越强,推断样本10173的耐盐性最强,样本3754的耐盐性最弱。从耐盐类型看,强耐盐型样本(D值大于‘中苜一号’)22份,中耐盐型样本(D值小于或等于‘中苜一号’但大于‘AZ-88NDC’)39份,弱耐盐型样本(D值小于或等于‘AZ-88NDC’但大于0.5)59份,敏盐型样本(D值小于等于0.5)12份。
表4NaCl胁迫条件下苜蓿属15种植物132份样本幼苗的综合指标值(CIx)、隶属函数值〔μ(x)〕和耐盐性综合评价值(D)及耐盐类型
Table4Comprehensiveindexvalue(CIx),subordinativefunctionvalue〔μ(x)〕,salttolerancecomprehensiveevaluationvalue(D),andsalttolerancetypeofseedlingsof132samplesof15speciesinMedicagoLinn.underNaClstresscondition
编号1)No.1)样本Sam-ple综合指标值 Comprehensive index value隶属函数值 Subordinative function valueCI1CI2CI3CI4μ(1)μ(2)μ(3)μ(4)D值D valueD值排序Order of D value类型2)Type2)11519-0.5131.286-0.062-2.058 0.5410.7300.5100.2130.56377W245590.6290.8060.782-2.6250.6830.6550.7000.0930.62349M345701.5630.711-1.2260.2990.7990.6400.2460.7150.68725M445872.0380.687-2.290-0.9020.8590.6370.0060.4590.66629M54600-2.2022.9050.299-0.9090.3310.9810.5910.4580.56078W64607-2.2941.5180.1741.5400.3200.7650.5630.9790.53788W75457-1.5840.631-0.0930.9100.4080.6280.5020.8450.52397W85468-0.5691.1731.963-0.4400.5340.7120.9670.5580.63643M95476-2.7131.1251.006-0.0010.2680.7050.7510.6510.483103W105486-3.0731.753-0.575-0.6150.2230.8020.3930.5200.438117W115492-3.4151.2381.082-0.1280.1810.7220.7680.6240.443115W129145-0.1810.8950.4580.5410.5830.6690.6270.7670.63047M1391860.0661.5420.200-0.9510.6130.7690.5690.4490.63941M1491901.8541.817-0.1610.3270.8360.8120.4870.7210.7818St159210-1.1792.1650.6910.7090.4590.8660.6800.8020.63345M1692222.2521.7060.522-0.0370.8850.7950.6420.6440.8114St1792252.4331.3521.079-0.5180.9080.7400.7670.5410.8115St189486-0.1342.8151.5180.8120.5890.9670.8670.8240.75112St199498-0.6222.209-0.6491.6380.5280.8730.3771.0000.65636M209508-0.0483.030-0.664-0.1960.5991.0000.3730.6100.69324M2195311.0642.6000.0430.7600.7370.9330.5330.8130.7809St2295392.4491.8880.843-0.5060.9100.8230.7140.5440.8313St2396172.1491.899-0.367-0.2220.8720.8250.4410.6040.7887St2496260.3571.4200.180-0.1920.6500.7500.5640.6110.66728M2510059-0.9171.177-2.0350.4330.4910.7130.0640.7440.53390W2610088-0.8352.206-0.6360.5990.5010.8720.3800.7790.62250M2710105-1.7432.440-0.577-0.5430.3880.9080.3930.5360.55480W2810126-1.4001.8700.5321.1870.4310.8200.6440.9040.61152M2910131-1.6542.062-0.671-0.2900.3990.8500.3720.5900.54585W3010149-1.4191.6640.554-0.6850.4290.7880.6490.5060.56575W31101621.5930.576-1.422-0.8010.8030.6200.2020.4810.65635M32101632.1521.6150.371-0.0340.8730.7810.6070.6440.7976St33101733.0542.3881.226-0.1220.9850.9000.8010.6250.9081St34101920.2031.427-0.2310.7630.6300.7510.4710.8140.66630M35102032.9912.3281.1520.2460.9770.8910.7840.7040.9072St36102061.8561.476-0.3050.8160.8360.7590.4550.8250.77211St3710216-0.6650.773-2.0600.3200.5220.6500.0580.7190.52893W38102231.7250.576-2.316-0.0870.8200.6190.0000.6330.65734M39102311.8390.981-1.7060.4660.8340.6820.1380.7510.70819St4010244-0.5161.353-1.9951.3660.5410.7400.0730.9420.58667W4110271-0.1471.137-1.1000.8160.5870.7070.2750.8250.61154M423012-0.4561.225-0.221-0.5320.5480.7200.4740.5380.59066W433062-0.2572.189-0.8140.5750.5730.8700.3400.7740.65337M444818-2.627-0.335-0.451-3.0610.2790.4780.4220.0000.327124Se454827-1.480-0.249-0.835-2.7640.4210.4920.3350.0630.400120W465453-2.7050.727-0.410-1.7470.2690.6430.4310.2800.396121Se473537-1.253-0.282-0.1770.1780.4490.4860.4840.6890.486107W
编号1)No.1)样本Sam-ple综合指标值 Comprehensive index value隶属函数值 Subordinative function valueCI1CI2CI3CI4μ(1)μ(2)μ(3)μ(4)D值D valueD值排序Order of D value类型2)Type2)483674-0.283-0.3260.674-1.3090.5700.4800.6760.3730.53887W493694-1.748-0.9990.2110.0590.3880.3750.5710.6640.430118W503701-0.412-0.469-0.086-0.3220.5540.4580.5040.5830.52496W513745-3.240-0.7960.196-0.0020.2020.4070.5680.6510.343123Se523749-1.474-0.340-0.1870.1870.4220.4780.4810.6910.470111W533754-4.867-0.794-0.2230.1080.0000.4070.4730.6740.232132Se543773-4.615-1.106-0.2590.2170.0310.3590.4650.6980.235131Se553792-1.838-0.520-0.7510.9990.3770.4500.3540.8640.441116W563803-1.759-1.738-0.8440.2810.3860.2610.3330.7110.374122Se573821-0.017-0.653-0.1170.3310.6030.4290.4970.7220.55381W5838471.4580.1761.200-0.2790.7860.5570.7950.5920.70421St593855-3.447-0.626-0.034-0.2610.1770.4330.5160.5960.327125Se603988-0.328-0.5540.739-0.4060.5640.4440.6910.5650.54486W6139961.536-0.509-0.020-0.3470.7960.4510.5190.5780.64738M624037-3.710-0.5920.542-0.7640.1440.4380.6460.4890.316127Se634045-1.656-0.7240.1180.6430.3990.4180.5500.7880.457112W644062-3.905-1.402-0.1240.2160.1200.3130.4960.6970.270130Se655234-3.900-1.033-0.1150.1070.1200.3700.4980.6740.285129Se665316-0.377-0.552-0.034-0.2930.5580.4450.5160.5890.52495W6736531.255-0.3360.500-0.5570.7610.4780.6370.5330.64540M683779-4.087-0.632-0.3360.1650.0970.4320.4480.6860.287128Se693555a-3.256-1.3480.2070.2010.2000.3210.5700.6940.321126Se707050-0.257-0.081-0.436-0.1570.5730.5180.4250.6180.54684W717399-0.599-0.730-0.3560.2710.5310.4170.4430.7090.505105W7274082.309-0.0560.639-0.0560.8920.5220.6680.6400.73814St7371521.8340.0941.117-0.4990.8330.5450.7760.5450.71716St747137-0.687-0.2850.223-1.0950.5200.4860.5740.4180.507102W7571440.236-0.432-0.3730.0980.6350.4630.4390.6720.56873W7671181.163-0.434-0.274-0.0300.7500.4630.4620.6450.62648M7771041.7810.3840.720-0.3330.8270.5900.6860.5810.72115St787037-0.062-0.237-0.1090.1160.5970.4930.4990.6760.56476W797024-1.336-0.640-0.3660.9290.4390.4310.4410.8490.475110W807012-1.248-0.422-0.026-0.0710.4500.4650.5180.6360.479109W817006-0.973-0.364-0.6401.0260.4840.4740.3790.8700.506104W827432-1.928-0.022-0.7100.9230.3650.5270.3630.8480.457113W8399580.990-0.141-0.123-0.5690.7280.5080.4960.5300.62251M8497241.2420.1980.496-0.2000.7600.5610.6360.6090.67526M859750-0.2680.1340.2880.1940.5720.5510.5890.6930.57970W8697670.413-0.339-0.4271.0930.6570.4780.4270.8840.60160M871604-0.0040.314-0.3970.0820.6050.5790.4340.6690.58568W8818360.773-0.5590.316-0.2900.7010.4440.5950.5900.60556M891866-0.999-0.1410.3500.5050.4810.5080.6030.7590.52892W9019691.560-0.253-0.0050.4080.7990.4910.5220.7380.67527M9120010.135-0.2150.920-0.0950.6220.4970.7320.6310.59961M9254071.5940.0271.191-0.5120.8030.5340.7930.5420.70122St9333852.032-0.6230.3890.9370.8580.4340.6120.8510.70818St9449690.378-1.558-0.4370.1460.6520.2890.4250.6830.52594W
编号1)No.1)样本Sam-ple综合指标值 Comprehensive index value隶属函数值 Subordinative function valueCI1CI2CI3CI4μ(1)μ(2)μ(3)μ(4)D值D valueD值排序Order of D value类型2)Type2)9550692.241-0.720-0.825-0.5340.8840.4190.3370.5380.65833M965078-0.035-0.7822.108-0.1080.6010.4091.0000.6280.59165W9741580.4730.0491.3421.0920.6640.5380.8270.8840.66621M982288-0.031-0.2541.6040.2860.6010.4910.8860.7120.61153M9921631.279-0.233-0.6580.0380.7640.4940.3750.6590.63544M10022251.9270.982-0.2090.1310.8450.6820.4760.6790.74313St10122792.315-1.083-0.924-0.4860.8930.3620.3150.5480.64539M10226522.069-0.5160.0130.9550.8620.4500.5260.8550.70620St10347993.176-0.818-0.632-0.7101.0000.4030.3810.5000.71517St10424612.841-0.2820.8640.4980.9580.4860.7190.7570.77810St10524701.608-1.736-0.859-0.4370.8050.2610.3290.5580.57471W10631720.511-3.420-0.228-0.2140.6690.0000.4720.6060.448114W10732110.927-1.2860.6570.4100.7200.3310.6720.7390.60458M10836451.527-2.802-0.496-0.3490.7950.0960.4110.5770.53191W10947450.862-2.237-0.0681.3330.7120.1840.5080.9350.55879W11050352.184-1.112-1.016-0.2010.8770.3580.2940.6090.63942M11149440.523-0.8171.0010.2270.6700.4040.7500.7000.60557M11232642.088-1.4330.615-0.1910.8650.3080.6630.6110.65832M11333140.785-1.1340.6940.3950.7030.3540.6800.7350.60359M11440751.193-1.616-0.1170.6640.7540.2800.4970.7930.59264W11541371.113-1.231-0.821-0.4430.7440.3390.3380.5570.56674W116100992.544-1.364-1.146-1.0310.9210.3190.2650.4320.63146M11750461.580-1.084-0.510-0.5700.8020.3620.4080.5300.60755M1185098-1.199-0.5501.2160.2990.4560.4450.7980.7150.514100W11942000.934-2.232-0.522-0.2310.7210.1840.4060.6020.52198W12041871.285-2.3150.5320.7900.7650.1710.6440.8190.58569W1214773-0.429-1.1510.9460.5380.5520.3520.7370.7660.53489W12248050.573-0.9700.7940.1070.6760.3800.7030.6740.59363W1234758-0.055-0.8320.9270.4220.5980.4010.7330.7410.56972W12447370.010-2.0040.3560.3800.6060.2200.6040.7320.506103W1254712-0.409-0.8320.9900.3110.5540.4010.7470.7180.54683W12631420.736-2.640-0.2770.4720.6970.1210.4610.7520.509101W1273253a-1.467-1.6830.596-1.0680.4230.2690.6580.4240.404119W12833250.656-1.569-0.1110.1410.6870.2870.4980.6820.55085W1294092-0.204-1.7150.8030.4680.5800.2640.7050.7510.51899W13041690.705-3.0230.1350.3260.6930.0620.5540.7210.497106W131 中苜一号 Zhongmu 1 2.325-0.463 -0.6020.0950.8940.4580.3870.6720.69323 M132 AZ-88NDC-0.2410.668-0.0240.0690.5750.6340.5180.6660.59562W
1)1-41,131,132:MedicagosativaLinn.;42:M.cancellataM. Bieb.;43:M.carstiensisWulf;44,45:M.hemicyclaGrossh.;46:M.prostrataJacq.;47-69,108,116:M.falcataLinn.;70-86:M.variaMart.;87-92:M.coeruleaLess.;93,111-113,127,128:M.difalcataSinskaya;94-96,110,117,118:M.quasifalcataSinskaya;97-101,114,115,119,120,129,130:M.trautvetteriiSumnev.;102,103,121,122:M.glutinosaBieb.;104,105:M.glandulosaDavid.;106,107,126:M.borealisGrossh.;109,123-125:M.tianschanicaVass.
2)W:弱耐盐型Weak salt tolerance type;M:中耐盐型Middle salt tolerance type;St:强耐盐型 Strong salt tolerance type;Se:敏盐型Salt sensitive type.
根据D值进行聚类分析,结果显示:供试132份样本分为4类:第Ⅰ类为强耐盐型,占供试样本总数的18.9%,包括9508、‘中苜一号’和10203等25份样本;第Ⅱ类为中耐盐型,占供试样本总数的27.3%,包括10271、2288和3062等36份样本;第Ⅲ类为弱耐盐型,占供试样本总数的46.2%,包括4827、3253a和‘AZ-88NDC’等61份样本;第Ⅳ类为敏盐型,占供试样本总数的7.5%,包括3754、3773和3745等10份样本。与根据D值推断的供试样本耐盐类型略有差异。
为分析供试样本的耐盐性与生长和生理指标间的关系,以耐盐性综合评价值(D)作因变量(Y),以幼苗存活率(SR)、幼苗生长速率(GR)、叶片叶绿素含量(Chl)、苗高(SH)、叶片相对电导率(REC)、单株干质量(DW)和单株绿叶数(NGL)7个指标的耐盐系数作自变量(X)进行逐步回归分析,获得的回归方程为Y=-0.353+0.471XChl-0.367XNGL+0.197XSH+0.094XREC(R2=0.971),表明Chl、NGL、SH和REC 4个指标对供试132份样本的耐盐性有显著影响。利用上述回归方程计算各样本的耐盐性预测值,与D值的差值为-0.001~0.043;将132份样本的D值与利用回归方程计算的预测值进行相关性分析,其相关性极显著(R=0.986,P<0.01),说明该方程可用于苜蓿属不同种类样本间的耐盐性预测。
苗期是评价植物耐盐性的最佳生育期[15-17]。苜蓿属植物的三叶期幼苗苗龄小,对NaCl胁迫比较敏感,易遭受毒害而导致植株发育迟缓甚至死苗,因此,本研究采用Hoagland营养液培养法并选择在三叶期对苜蓿属植物的不同样本进行耐盐性评价。植物耐盐性易受外界环境和自身基因型差异影响,从而导致耐盐性评价结果不准确。经NaCl胁迫处理后,供试苜蓿属15种植物132份样本的幼苗存活率、幼苗生长速率、叶片叶绿素含量、苗高、单株干质量和单株绿叶数6个指标值均不同程度降低,而叶片相对电导率则大幅提高,且不同样本间存在差异。相关性分析结果表明:幼苗存活率、幼苗生长速率、苗高、单株干质量、单株绿叶数、叶片相对电导率以及叶片叶绿素含量间均存在不同程度的相关性,使得这些指标提供的信息有一定的重叠,因此,单项指标并不能全面反映植物耐盐性,应采用多项指标综合评价植物耐盐性[13,18]。
主成分分析结果表明:前4个主成分的贡献率分别为45.656%、26.024%、9.637%和8.236%,累计贡献率达89.553%,表明这4个主成分基本代表了供试样本7个指标的绝大部分信息;基于主成分分析结果,结合隶属函数法得出综合指标值(CIx)及隶属函数值〔μ(x)〕,进而获得供试132份样本苗期的耐盐性综合评价值(D),而D值是1个[0,1]闭区间的无量纲系数[13],增加了样本间耐盐性的可比性及准确性。根据D值可将供试132份样本分为强耐盐型(D值大于‘中苜一号’)、中耐盐型(D值小于或等于‘中苜一号’但大于‘AZ-88NDC’)、弱耐盐型(D值小于或等于‘AZ-88NDC’但大于0.5)和敏盐型(D值小于或等于0.5)4类。这与聚类分析结果略有差异,但总体趋势一致;其中,样本10173的耐盐性最强,样本3754的耐盐性最弱,因而,采用上述综合评价法可对苜蓿属植物耐盐性进行初步评价。在供试132份样本中筛选出耐盐性极强或极弱的样本,可为开展苜蓿属植物耐盐性遗传机制以及与其耐盐性相关的基因QTL定位等方面的研究奠定基础。
不同植物的耐盐性可采用不同的生长和生理指标进行评价,例如:戴海芳等[13]认为,叶绿素含量可作为棉花(GossypiumhirsutumLinn.)耐盐性评价指标之一;谢楠等[19]认为,绿叶数可作为饲用黑麦(SecalecerealeLinn.)和小黑麦(SecalesylvestreHost)苗期耐盐性评价指标,该指标不仅可以反映耐盐性强弱,而且与耐盐指数法的评价结果总体趋势一致;张耿等[20]和吴欣明等[21]认为,苗高是评价偃麦草属(ElytrigiaDesv.)和羊茅属(FestucaLinn.)植物耐盐性的最直观有效的指标,能够真实反映盐胁迫下植株的生长状况。不同研究者对苜蓿属植物耐盐性评价采用了不同的指标,例如:王保平等[22]认为,苗高可作为苜蓿属植物苗期耐盐性评价的表观指标之一;王运琦等[23]发现,细胞质膜透性可作为紫花苜蓿耐盐性评价的鉴定指标之一;田小霞等[24]认为,苗高和相对电导率均可作为紫花苜蓿耐盐性的鉴定指标。本研究中,以D值对不同指标进行逐步回归分析,获得供试样本幼苗耐盐性评价的回归方程Y=-0.353+0.471XChl-0.367XNGL+0.197XSH+0.094XREC,回归方程的4个自变量为叶片叶绿素含量、单株绿叶数、苗高和叶片相对电导率,除前述的其他研究者用于苜蓿属植物耐盐性评价的苗高和相对电导率,还增加了叶片叶绿素含量和单株绿叶数,这4个指标可作为苜蓿属植物苗期耐盐性评价的指标,因此,在相同的逆境条件下,可通过测定苗期的叶片叶绿素含量、单株绿叶数、苗高和叶片相对电导率,利用该回归方程可以初步预测其他苜蓿属植物样本的耐盐性。
综上所述,通过苗期的幼苗生长速率、单株干质量和单株绿叶数等7个生长和生理指标的测定和比较,结合主成分分析和隶属函数分析,根据D值对供试苜蓿属15种植物132份样本的耐盐性进行了筛选和归类。根据对照耐盐样本‘中苜一号’和盐敏感样本‘AZ-88NDC’的D值可将供试的132份样本分为强耐盐型、中耐盐型、弱耐盐型和敏盐型4类,且聚类分析结果与D值排序结果总体一致,表明在苗期选择合适的生长和生理指标可以对苜蓿属植物的耐盐性进行初步评价。而利用本研究建立的回归方程,可在相同实验条件下,仅通过叶片叶绿素含量、单株绿叶数、苗高和叶片相对电导率4个指标就能预测苜蓿属植物耐盐性。植物耐盐性是一个复杂的数量性状,同种植物不同种源甚至不同生长阶段其耐盐性也有差异,因此,要筛选出适用于实际生产应用的苜蓿属耐盐植物资源,还需要进行全生育期的耐盐性鉴定评价。
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