杨治国
英语中的词可根据词义、句法作用和形式特征,分为十大类,称为词类,它们是动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等等(张道真,2002)。其中动词在应用上千变万化,如作谓语时要受主语的制约和影响;或者充当句子谓语的动词也会随着句子时态或语态的变化而变化。即英语中任何一个句子中的动词,都或多或少地反应着人称和数的变化、时态、语态、语气等各个方面的变化信息。胡朝霞说:“要想充分表达思想,掌握足够词汇是前提,准确理解词义是基础,能写出语法正确、合乎英语表达习惯的句子是目的(胡朝霞,2008)。”因此,动词是语法的纲,掌握影响动词变化的七大要素即是掌握英语的先决条件。
1. 人称和数的变化
英语中人称和数的变化在近年高考例题中有所体现,如:(1) He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.(2016年浙江卷短文改错);(2) Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt.(2017年全国卷I第67题)
在学生平时习作中,笔者发现以下典型的错误: (1) Many people is happy to talk with me. (2) The advice are as follows. (3) Conflicts often comes from misunderstanding. (4) It is the respect you give each other that make your friendship stronger. 诸如此类的典型错误皆由学生对人称和数的变化未能认识深刻导致,因此教师应收集整理并展示这些习作中出现的典型错误类型,加强学生的认识,让学生避免在写作中出现类似低级错误。
2. 时态
英语中时态种类繁多,表达意义丰富。但从近三年高考英语试卷中(主要体现在语法填空和短文改错上)不难发现,语法填空时态的考查主要涉及一般现在时和一般过去时,尤其是在短文改错中,一般现在时和一般过去时的互换互改比比皆是,只偶见现在完成时和过去完成时。例如:
(1) Later, engineers 68 (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels, which became known to the tube.(2017年全國卷II第68题)
(2) Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.(2017年全国卷I短文改错)
第(1)题为对一般过去时的考察;第(2)题为一般现在时和一般过去时的互换改动。
笔者批阅学生习作时经常发现学生用错时态,大多为时态的滥用和误用,如:(1) English is play an important role in our daily life. (2) I plan to visit the museum with you, which was famous in Tianjin. (3) Summer holiday will coming.时态考点在近几年高考中频繁出现,教师和学生都应对其予以必要的重视,教师应加强对学生的相关指导和训练。
3. 语态
英语动词的两种语态(主动语态、被动语态)的考查多以被动语态为主。一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态,由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成,即“be+done”结构。
看似简单唯一的被动语态形式,高考考查和应试时也要分两步走:(1) 第一步,判断句子是否需要用被动语态表达,如:When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.(2017全国卷I第64题)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.(2015年全国卷I短文改错)(2) 第二步,在“be+done”被动结构中,be动词的时态及单复数形式和代表过去分词done的形式能否正确书写和表达,如:About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.(2017全国卷III短文改错)
汉语的被动语态用一个“被”字即可清晰表达,而英语的被动语态则体现在动词的变化上。由于英汉用法的差异,学生的习作中也不难发现被动语态使用错误的案例。例如:So I hope to invite you to watch a Shaoxing Opera, which named Butterfly Lovers in the Tianjin Grand Theater; We will see a large number of paper-cuttings, and then we will be teached to do some simple ones。以上典型例子充分说明学生对被动语态的正确使用还存在问题,这些问题恰恰又是高考重点考查的方向。因此,从典型错误案例着手,帮助学生修正语态认知,以提高学生书面表达水平便是教师的日常教学重点之一。
4. 语气
英语的三种语气(陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气)在近年高考英语中偶见祈使语气和虚拟语气的考查,例如:(1) The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!”(2017全国卷I短文改错) (2) Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.(2016全国卷II短文改错)
虽未重点考查,但在学生习作中也会遇到祈使句乱用现象(如Look forward to your reply.),影响了书面表达效果,因此教师和学生都应理性对待,切勿忽视。
5. 非谓语动词
动词除了在句中充当谓语,还可用作非谓语形式(动词不定式to do;doing和done形式)。非谓语动词的三种形式都可在句子中可作主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和表语等语法成分,以表达不同的意义。而提到非谓语动词,学生谈“虎”色变,从以下学生习作中可知:
Next week there will be a Chinese paper-cutting exhibition hold in the Museum;I know you are interesting in the Chinese culture; I plan to read some English books practicing my English;My English teacher told me that read some English books will be helpful...
非谓语动词一直以来当然也是教师日常教学的重难点,更是高考的必考项目。从近年高考试题观察发现,题目增加了句式结构的复杂性和干扰性,突出在准确理解语境的基础上考查正确的语法结构的命题要求,这也给学生掌握非谓语用法提出了更高要求。但非谓语动词也有重点可寻。近年高考试题常考查非谓语短语作状语、宾语、宾补、定语等主要语法成分(以语法填空为例,列举如下)。所以教师如能恰当引导学生从这些重点出发,以点带面,帮助他们去突破和攻克非谓语动词,便能避免習作中的错误用法,以提高学生英语语言输出的精准度。
(1) to do作状语:Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 63 (create) special designs.(2016全国卷III第63题)
(2) doing作宾语:By 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. (2017全国卷I第68题)
(3) to do作宾补:They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(2017年全国卷I第63题)
(4) done作定语: But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter 66 (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国卷I第66题)
6. 延续性动词与非延续性动词
英语中动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。 他们虽未曾直接出现在高考题目中,却常常在学生书面表达中屡见其错误的身影,比如学生会写出以下让人啼笑皆非的句子: (1) I have come to this school for two years. (2)He has died for three years. 所以在日常教学中教师也应关注学生这方面的易错点,收集学生的错句典例加以矫正,以便让学生明确其区别用法,避免写出不恰当的句子。
7. there be句型及其拓展
there be 句型是英语中常用句型,大部分都以be动词作为谓语动词,可用于各种时态,变化丰富,应引起足够的关注和重视,因为学生习作中经常犯以下类似错误:(1) There has three books on the desk. (2) There are some children play on the playground. 所以教师应针对学生的这些易错的典型句子,点醒学生,避免学生再犯这类低级错误。
8. 结语
动词在英语中最重要且最活跃,其用法涉及面广,也是最难掌握的一个词类,更是高考重点考查项目。虽然动词用法变化多端,但归因起来也不外乎以上七个方面的因素。在日常教学中,只要教师有意识地指导学生熟悉和掌握影响动词用法的基本要素,并有针对性地加以训练,就能显著提高学生有效运用英语语言的水平和应试能力。
(作者单位:安徽省临泉第二中学)