电压门控钾通道自身抗体相关性边缘性脑炎的研究进展

2018-03-17 09:26周玲翁泽安李明张晓佳查运红
实用心脑肺血管病杂志 2018年1期
关键词:免疫治疗认知障碍癫痫

周玲,翁泽安,李明,张晓佳,查运红

边缘性脑炎(LE)是选择性累及边缘性结构(海马、杏仁核、下丘脑、岛叶及扣带回皮质等)的一类中枢神经系统炎性疾病,常亚急性起病,临床表现为短时记忆丧失、意识障碍,伴痫性发作。电压门控钾通道(VGKC)属于电压门控性离子通道,为镶嵌在中枢和周围神经系统神经元膜上的糖蛋白,是神经系统信号传导的组成元件,在维持静息膜电位和神经元动作电位中发挥着关键作用。研究表明,VGKC抗体紊乱会导致动作电位延长,引发中枢神经系统或周围神经系统疾病[1]。VGKC自身抗体相关性LE是常见的自身免疫性神经系统疾病。近年研究发现,VGKC自身抗体相关性LE患者体内能与VGKC发生免疫共沉淀的抗体主要为富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白(LGI1)、接触蛋白相关样蛋白2(Caspr2)[2-3],因此VGKC自身抗体相关性LE可分为抗LGI1抗体阳性LE、抗Caspr2抗体阳性LE、抗LGI1和Caspr2抗体阴性LE[4-10]。本文对VGKC自身抗体相关性LE的研究进展进行了综述,旨在为临床诊治VGKC自身抗体相关性LE提供参考。

1 抗LGI1抗体阳性LE

LGI1是一种分泌性蛋白,主要存在于海马及颞叶皮质,其能结合解聚素金属蛋白酶(ADAM)家族蛋白质,通过调节突触前钾通道和突触后α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸(AMPA)受体而影响突触间隙传递,进而促使神经递质释放[11]。LGI1蛋白失活可导致突触后AMPA受体簇功能紊乱[12]。研究表明,LGI1敲除小鼠体内可见AMPA受体功能下降,突触兴奋性增加[13-14];LGI1蛋白突变会导致常染色体显性颞叶外侧癫痫[15]。目前,临床常采用细胞测定法或免疫组织化学检测血清/脑脊液LGI1抗体。研究表明,放射免疫测定/放射免疫分析(RIA)法筛选LGI1抗体的灵敏度较高[16]。

抗LGI1抗体阳性LE患者多表现为冷漠、失控、自我为中心或强迫等特征,少数患者伴有睡眠障碍,且男性患者多于女性,患者易出现急性认知障碍(记忆、行为、空间定向障碍)和癫痫发作〔面-臂肌张力障碍样发作(FBDS)〕[5,17-20]。IRANI等[19]研究发现,FBDS为非常短暂(<3 s)的单侧手臂收缩,常累及同侧面部或腿部,1 d可发生>100次,且发作非常刻板,约11%的抗LGI1抗体阳性LE患者伴有肿瘤,且胸腺瘤及肺癌较为常见[6];约50%的患者出现FBDS,应及时予以免疫治疗[21];约60%的患者存在低钠血症,可能与下丘脑和肾脏共同表达LGI1有关[16,22];约67%的患者颅脑MRI检查示颞叶内侧面高信号,出现FBDS的患者可伴有基底核异常信号[23-24]。

2 抗Caspr2抗体阳性LE

Caspr2是在中枢及周围神经系统表达的膜蛋白,其胞质结构域在髓鞘轴突近结侧区钾离子通道聚集时发挥着重要作用[25]。Caspr2由CNTNAP2基因编码,其突变性和多态性与精神异常、孤独症、难治性局灶性癫痫、智力障碍及皮质发育不良有关[26]。Caspr2抗原可靶向Caspr2蛋白的多个表位,并对脑和周围神经系统产生反应[27]。目前,临床常采用免疫荧光法(CBA)检测Caspr2抗体,血清抗Caspr2抗体阳性与神经性肌强直或莫旺综合征有关,脑脊液抗Caspr2抗体阳性则与脑炎有关[26]。

抗Caspr2抗体阳性LE患者常表现出中枢神经系统损伤症状(认知障碍、癫痫发作),以边缘系统脑炎、神经性肌强直、莫旺综合征、小脑共济失调为主,患者年龄较大,且多为男性[28-29]。研究表明,约80%的抗Caspr2抗体阳性LE患者存在认知障碍[30];约50%的患者伴有癫痫发作、小脑共济失调[25];70%~80%的患者MRI检查示无异常信号[26];20%~30%的患者伴有肿瘤[31];少部分患者伴有重症肌无力[32]。

3 LGI1和Caspr2抗体阴性LE

LGI1和Caspr2抗体阴性LE患者主要临床表现为癫痫、疼痛综合征、睡眠障碍、认知障碍、多发性神经病变和肌束震颤、自主神经功能障碍等[7,10,33]。目前,LGI1和Caspr2抗体阴性LE患者的临床诊断方法尚存在争议。研究表明,与VGKC抗体阴性LE患者比较,LGI1和Caspr2抗体阴性LE患者未显示出自身免疫炎性反应特异性[9]。

4 治疗与转归

目前,抗LGI1抗体阳性LE、抗Caspr2抗体阳性LE、LGI1和Caspr2抗体阴性LE的临床治疗尚无统一标准,应检测血清或脑脊液相关抗体,寻找潜在肿瘤的同时及时进行免疫治疗,包括一线免疫治疗(大剂量糖皮质激素和/或免疫球蛋白及较少的血浆置换)、二线免疫治疗(环磷酰胺、利妥昔单抗)[34]。抗LGI1抗体阳性LE患者癫痫发作时应予以一线免疫治疗,但约70%的患者治疗后会遗留轻度认知障碍。研究表明,25%~35%的抗LGI1抗体阳性LE和抗Caspr2抗体阳性LE患者予以免疫治疗后又复发,且临床症状与首次发病不同,可能累及神经系统其他部位[34]。

5 小结

目前,抗LGI1抗体阳性LE、抗Caspr2抗体阳性LE、LGI1和Caspr2抗体阴性LE的发生机制尚不明确,患者经免疫治疗后常遗留轻度认知障碍。因此,对VGKC自身抗体相关性LE患者进行早诊断、及时有效治疗具有重要的临床意义。

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