代秋颖 张书信 陈航 王锐 高静 荆涛 傅丽元 芦煜
[摘要] 肾细胞癌(RCC)占所有恶性肿瘤的2%~3%。25%~30%的患者在肾细胞癌诊断时即有转移,还有20%~30%在原发病灶治疗后的随访过程中出现转移,仅4%的肾细胞癌转移到小肠。在既往的文献中,肾细胞癌转移到小肠多以个案形式报道,本文报道了1例85岁的老年男性,左肾癌根治性切除后8年出现小肠转移的病例。本文于PubMed、Embased數据库和中文数据库中进行检索,对肾细胞癌原发病灶治疗后小肠转移的病案报道进行回顾。
[关键词] 肾细胞癌;小肠;肠梗阻;肠套叠;消化道出血
[中图分类号] R737.11 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)12(b)-0158-03
[Abstract] Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 2%-3% of all malignant tumors. 25%-30% patients had metastases at the time of diagnosis of RCC, and 20%-30% patients have metastases during follow-up after treatment of primary lesion. Only 4% RCC metastasizes to the small intestine. In previous literature, renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the small intestine is mostly reported as a isolated case. This article presents a case of 85-year-old man with small intestine metastases, eight years after the radical resection of left kidney for RCC. This artile searches in PubMed, Embase and Chinese database and reviews the medical records of small intestine metastasis after treatment of primary renal cell carcinoma.
[Key words] Renal cell carcinoma; Small intestine; Intestinal obstruction; Intussusception; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
约90%的肾脏肿瘤是肾细胞癌(RCC),其中约80%是透明细胞型[1]。25%~30%的患者在确诊为RCC时就伴随着转移性疾病的存在[2],还有20%~30%的局限性肿瘤的患者手术后出现复发[3]。术后复发的中位时间为1~2年,大多数复发发生在3年内[4]。肾脏肿瘤转移到小肠症状隐匿、不典型,通常以便血、腹胀、腹痛等症状就诊,易误诊为消化性溃疡、美克耳憩室炎、寄生虫病等疾病[5]。与此同时,对于发生在小肠的肿瘤,传统的检查手段不具有有效性与直观性特点[6],具有一定局限性。因此对于病史的采集和寻求新的检查手段对肾癌小肠转移的诊断和治疗十分重要。本文通过1例肾癌小肠转移患者的诊治过程和文献回顾分析该疾病的诊断、治疗和预后的特点。
1 病例资料
患者男,85岁,主因“腹胀、腹痛7日,加重3日”于2016年11月2日就诊于北京东直门医院肛肠科并入院完善诊疗。患者8年前因左肾内实性占位行根治性左肾切除术,术后病理回报为透明细胞癌Ⅱ~Ⅲ级。入院7 d前患者进食多量栗子、花生后,出现轻度腹胀、腹痛,症状渐进性加重,入院3 d前患者腹部胀痛忽然加重,于当日夜间就诊于某医院急诊,腹X线片显示左侧腹部少许气液平面,接受了肠外营养支持、抗感染治疗,并口服石蜡油,症状无明显改善。患者入院时表现为腹胀、腹痛,左上腹可触及包块,包块触痛明显,无恶心、呕吐,排便、排气减少,小便正常,给予禁食水、经中心静脉肠外营养、中药保留灌肠等治疗。入院后腹部CT(图1)可见:肝脏内结节状密度影;左肾未见明确显示;左腹部肠管结构紊乱,周围可见明显渗出,管壁局部增厚,周围肠系膜稍增厚、模糊,其内可疑增大淋巴结。电子结肠镜检查未见明显异常。经保守治疗9 d,腹部包块仍触痛明显,给予手术治疗,剖腹探查过程中,于第3组小肠中段可触及约2 cm×3 cm肿物,占据肠腔约4/5截面积,肿物上下肠管僵硬、缺血,给予小肠区段切除、小肠端端吻合术。术后病理组织学检查结果:小肠转移性透明细胞癌,来源于肾,肠系膜内可见多个肿瘤结节并与淋巴结融合成块状,淋巴结可见转移(约11/19)。免疫组化结果:CK7(-),CK20(-),CAIX(+),Vim(+),Villin(-),CD10(-),PAX8(+)。患者术后恢复顺利,病情稳定后出院。患者术后未接受其他辅助治疗,1年后因肿瘤多发转移死亡。
:肠管结构紊乱,周围可见明显渗出;B:管壁局部增厚,周围肠系膜稍增厚、模糊,其内可疑增大淋巴结
图1 患者入院腹部CT检查
2 讨论
通过在中文、外文数据库中检索,获得肾癌治疗后发现小肠转移的病案报道(2005~2018年)。阅读全文后剔除发病信息和结局报道不明确的文献,最终对14篇[7-20]文献进行信息的提取,共报道了16例患者,其中包括男12例,女4例,年龄32~77岁。16例患者从治疗原发RCC到发现小肠转移灶的中位时间为3年(0.33~27年),在3年内发现小肠转移灶的有9例。在发病症状方面,有6例患者在就诊时有消化道出血或贫血的情况;8例患者出现腹痛、呕吐等梗阻样表现;2例患者表现为黄疸,发生黄疸的2例患者肿瘤均发生在十二指肠壶腹部。在16例病案中,有3例病案描述了由CT发现小肠肿物,4例患者由CT对肠套叠作出诊断;另外还有超声、内窥镜、胶囊内镜以及内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)的应用。所有病案记录了对患者的随访情况,所记录的患者最短生存时间为术后1个月,最长者在随访第4年时仍生存。
据报道,肺是RCC远处复发最常见的部位,见于50%~60%的RCC患者[1],其他常见的有骨骼(30%~40%)、肝脏(30%~40%)[8],还有少数病例转移到鼻腔、口腔、喉、甲状旁腺、肾上腺等处,仅有4%的肾癌转移到小肠[21]。肾癌转移到小肠的症状隐匿,前来就诊的患者通常以肠梗阻、肠套叠等急性症状入院。由于大多数RCC是富血管性的,RCC转移至胃肠道还可表现为消化道的出血[22]。故对于有肾癌病史的患者,若出现恶心、腹痛、腹泻、便血等症状需考虑到肾癌转移到小肠引起的肠梗阻、肠出血可能,以避免误诊与延误病情。
从检查手段角度来说,超声对实质性脏器显示清晰,在肠肿瘤、肠套叠、肠石症时可见明显征象,CT具有高密度分辨率和组织结构无重叠等优点,能清楚地显示脏器的轮廓、形态等特征,对于判断肠梗阻原因较超声有更高的准确性[23]。近年来多层螺旋CT小肠造影、双气囊内镜被广泛应用于小肠疾病的检查。多层螺旋CT小肠造影能全景式展现小肠的腔、壁、壁外系膜、淋巴结、血管及毗邻器官[24]。双气囊内镜能直接观察肠腔内的病灶,可取组织行病理学检查[25]。一项Meta分析结果显示对于血管性或肿瘤性病变,胶囊内镜诊断率高于双气囊小肠镜,且胶囊内镜的无创性、可耐受性佳,适合于小肠疾病的初步筛查[26]。但胶囊胃镜也存在局限性,肠腔狭窄、梗阻、穿孔、肠瘘及大憩室等属检查禁忌证[24],且在大样本研究中,胶囊胃镜检查后由于多重原因引起胶囊潴留的发生率在0%~2.4%[27]。在临床中需根据患者病情和一般情况选择适当的检查。
在转移性RCC中化疗或放疗的作用不佳,免疫治疗方法、白细胞介素-2、靶向治疗对转移性RCC患者生存率的提高需要更多数据的支持。在回顾的16例病案中,1例行姑息治疗[13],其余15例患者行手术切除肿瘤或含肿瘤肠段,由于随访时间报道不完全,尚不能通过上述病案回顾中得到手术与生存率的关系。但根据既往文献,转移灶切除术后5年生存率为31%~35%,无瘤生存率达5%~23%[28]。故手术治疗在转移性肾细胞癌的治疗中仍是不可缺少的。
对于RCC小肠转移,有待更多的病例收集与分析,临床中需加强对病例的整理和完整报道。
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(收稿日期:2018-07-20 本文編辑:苏 畅)