杜娜 孟晓丽 于挺敏 姚刚
[摘要] 偏头痛是一种临床常见的、慢性反复发作的神经血管功能障碍性疾病,严重影响患者的生活质量。偏头痛的发病机制复杂,与多种因素有关,目前尚未完全清楚。近年来研究发现,偏头痛与消化系统多种疾病均有密切的相关性,如幽门螺杆菌感染、肠易激综合征、胃轻瘫、肝胆疾病及肠道菌群失调等。本文对偏头痛与消化系统疾病相关性的研究进行综述,深入探讨偏头痛与消化系统疾病的共患情况,有望为偏头痛发病机制、治疗手段的研究提供新的思路。
[关键词] 偏头痛;幽门螺杆菌感染;肠易激综合征;胃轻瘫;肝胆疾病;肠道菌群失调
[中图分类号] R747.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)12(b)-0026-04
[Abstract] Migraine is a common and chronic recurrent neurovascular dysfunction, which seriously affects the life quality of patients. The pathogenesis of migraine is complex and related to many factors, and is not entirely clear. In recent years, it has been found that migraine has a close relationship with many diseases in the digestive system, such as Helicobacter pylori infection, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroparesis, liver and gallbladder disease and intestinal flora disorder. This article reviews the research on the correlation between migraine and digestive system diseases, and explores the co-development of migraine and digestive system diseases. It is expected to provide new ideas for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine.
[Key words] Migraine; Helicobacter pylori infection; Irritable bowel syndrome; Gastroparesis; Liver and gallbladder disease; Intestinal flora imbalance
偏头痛是一种常见的神经内科疾病,年发病率大约为1%,其临床特点为反复发作、一侧或双侧搏动性的剧烈头痛且多发生于偏侧头部,常合并自主神经系统功能障碍如恶心、呕吐、畏光和畏声等症状,约1/3的偏头痛患者在发病前可出现神经系统先兆症状[1-2]。近年来研究发现,偏头痛不仅与脑梗死、脑出血、抑郁症、癫痫、不宁腿综合征、眩晕、哮喘、颞下颌关节紊乱病、心血管疾病等存在共病关系[3-12],还与消化系统多种疾病密切相关,如幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染、肠易激综合征(IBS)、胃轻瘫、肝胆疾病及肠道菌群失调等。深入了解偏头痛与消化系统疾病共患的特点与机制,有望为偏头痛发病机制、治疗手段的研究提供新的视角和思路,因此,本文将对偏头痛与消化系统疾病的共病研究进展进行综述。
1 偏头痛与幽门螺旋杆菌感染
偏头痛是一种常见的原发性头痛,关于偏头痛的发病机制尚无明确定论,目前认为发病机制与遗传、神经递质及炎性反应相关。目前普遍认为神经学说、血管源学说及三叉神经学说为可能的机制,其中三叉神经学说是目前普遍认为最可能的机制,且三叉神经血管系统的炎性反应与系统收缩功能异常及大脑神经元扩散性抑制为重要的生理病理基础。Hp是革兰阴性微需氧菌,多在青少年时期经粪-口或口-口途径感染,并长期存在于胃黏膜,导致机体产生长期慢性炎性反应。一项对225例偏头痛患者的研究发现,Hp感染率为40%,Hp感染根除治疗后患者头痛强度、持续时间和头痛频率都显著降低[13]。一项对175例偏头痛患者与152名健康人群的研究显示,Hp感染率无明显差异,分别为40%和39%,CagA阳性在先兆偏头痛、无先兆偏头痛、健康人群中的比例分别为41%、19%、17%,这提示CagA阳性的菌株对先兆偏头痛可能有致病作用[14]。最近的一项Meta分析显示偏头痛患者Hp感染率显著高于对照组(OR = 1.92,95%CI:1.05~3.51,P = 0.001),多因素分析显示Hp感染为偏头痛的危险因素,亚组分析发现亚洲偏头痛患者Hp感染率高于欧洲偏头痛患者[15]。
Hp感染可能参与偏头痛的发病,一项病例对照研究发现,与健康对照组比较,偏头痛患者中IgM抗体浓度更高,IgG抗体与偏头痛的严重程度呈正相关,因此推测Hp在偏头痛的发病中有重要作用[16]。另有研究发现,CagA表达阳性的偏头痛患者血清中白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的表达升高[17]。研究表明,Hp感染可以使机体免疫系统中肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素水平升高,导致血液中纤维蛋白原、中性粒细胞及C反应蛋白等浓度明显增加,损伤血管内皮引起神经源性炎性反应致继发性血管病变,导致血管舒缩功能障碍[18],而血管舒缩功能障碍正是偏头痛发病的機制之一。目前关于偏头痛与Hp感染相关的研究有限,需要进一步深入探讨。
2 偏头痛与肠易激综合征
IBS是一种常见的慢性胃肠道疾病,以腹痛、腹部不适和排便习惯改变为主要特征,常持续存在或反复发作,通常认为与肠道动力紊乱、内脏高敏、精神心理状态等多种因素有关。一项对97 593例IBS患者的调查研究结果显示,被调查的IBS患者中偏头痛的患病率为6%,而健康对照组偏头痛患病率只有2.2%[19]。Lau等[20]对14 117例偏头痛患者研究发现,偏头痛患者IBS的发病率比健康对照组高1.95倍(73.87∶30.14, 10 000人/年),且30岁以下的发病率较高。Guthrie等[21]对IBS患者的研究发现,IBS会加重偏头痛患者的头痛程度,首次确诊IBS患者轻度头痛与重度头痛的比例分别为40%和1%,而慢性IBS患者中的比例分别为59%和23%。最近一项小型的临床研究表明,IgG消除饮食可以减轻IBS和偏头痛患者的症状,还可以降低两者发病频率[22]。一项前瞻性研究发现,70%的偏头痛患者并发功能性胃肠疾病,40.4%的偏头痛患者符合IBS的诊断标准[23]。炎症、脑-肠轴及肠道菌群失调在IBS和偏头痛发病机制中均有作用,血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)的作用在两种疾病中已经得到了证实,这将有助于解释偏头痛与IBS的共患机制[24-25]。
3 偏头痛与乳糜泻
乳糜泻(CD)是一种遗传易感个体因摄入含谷蛋白食物而诱发的慢性自身免疫性肠病,影响着世界上约1%人口的健康,并呈增长趋势,现有报道CD患者可能并发共济失调、偏头痛、癫痫、焦虑、抑郁、精神分裂症等神经精神类疾患[26]。一项对188例CD患者的研究发现,CD患者偏头痛发病率较健康人群高,65岁以下女性群体为著,且患有CD的偏头痛患者较对照组偏头痛患者的头痛程度严重[27]。Lionetti等[28]对354例患有CD的儿童进行回顾性研究发现,CD患者组及健康对照组偏头痛的发病率分别为24.8%和8%。CD患者中偏头痛的发病率高,临床工作中可以对CD患者进行偏头痛筛查,但偏头痛患者中出现CD的病例很少,两者可能并不是因果关系。CD患者去谷蛋白饮食后偏头痛症状可缓解,头痛发作频率、持续时间和头痛程度也有所改善[29]。为了研究CD和偏头痛的共同发病机制,有人提出在偏头痛及CD患者血清中寻找共同抗体。在100例偏头痛儿童中只有2%的患者血浆抗谷胶蛋白IgG抗体呈阳性,与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义[30]。Cady等[31]对10例乳糜泻患者进行MRI检查,结果提示脑白质疏松,这与偏头痛患者的MRI表现相似,有人推测这可能与偏头痛的慢性化有关。Mormile等[32]研究发现,干扰素、肿瘤坏死因子及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平在偏头痛及CD患者中均升高,推测可能是CD与偏头痛共病的机制之一。
4 偏头痛与胃轻瘫
胃轻瘫是在无机械性梗阻情况下出现慢性胃蠕动功能障碍,以胃排空延迟为特点。胃轻瘫常见症状有早饱、餐后饱胀感、腹胀、腹痛、恶心、呕吐、厌食、体重减轻、营养不良等,多见于年轻女性,目前发病机制尚不清楚。近年来人们开始关注偏头痛和胃排空延迟之间的关系,有人认为偏头痛患者的胃轻瘫是口服止痛剂所致,但也有人认为是头痛本身引起的胃肠道功能障碍[20]。Yu等[33]对27例偏头痛患者及12例健康对照组患者进行研究发现,偏头痛患者在头痛发作期出现胃排空延迟,发作间期未出现胃排空延迟。相关研究与上述结果相似,且还发现胃延迟时间与头痛、恶心、畏光等症状的严重程度呈明显正相关[34]。Pucci等[35]认为偏头痛患者由于餐后不适的阈值降低,导致胃的超敏性,可致胃排空延迟。胃排空延迟与偏头痛患者胃的超敏性有关,并影响口服药物的吸收及利用,研究显示促胃肠动力药可增强5-HT1B/1D受体激动剂(利扎曲普坦)的疗效[36],这表明使用的偏头痛非口服药物要比口服药物的吸收及利用更好。虽然很多证据表明胃轻瘫与偏头痛有关,但偏头痛患者出现胃排空延迟的病因、性质、影响因素还有待进一步研究。
5 偏头痛与肝胆疾病
偏头痛与肝胆疾病相关的研究很少。一项对1200例双胞胎患者的研究发现,与异卵双胞胎相比,在同卵双胞胎中偏头痛和胆道疾病有较高的相关性[37]。Aggarwal等[38]对972例胆道疾病患者的研究显示,偏头痛患病率与健康对照组无明显差异,但合并偏头痛的患者胆道疾病症状更重。一项横断面研究显示,患有非酒精性脂肪肝的偏头痛患者的头痛发作频率更高,且还会出现腰围增大及代谢障碍,肥胖和代谢紊乱是非酒精性脂肪肝的重要影响因素,也会增加患偏头痛的风险,这项研究还提示低脂饮食可能会降低患者头痛程度[39]。另一项研究将83例偏头痛患者随机分为低脂饮食组和正常饮食组,两组患者分别测定血脂浓度为(2.9~3.7 vs. 6.8~7.5,P < 0.001),用头痛量表评估头痛程度(1分表示轻度疼痛,2分表示中度疼痛,3分表示重度疼痛),两组头痛程度为(1.2~0.9 vs. 1.7~0.9,P < 0.01)[40],这项研究进一步显示低脂饮食可降低偏头痛发作时头痛程度。CGRP在偏头痛发病中起着重要的作用,CGRP也是一种神经调质,它可通过谷氨酸能信号介导增加突触传递从而引起中枢敏化以降低疼痛反应阈值。研究发现CGRP可以影响体外的胆道模型的运动,推测CGRP的释放與胆道疾病的发生有关[41]。
6 偏头痛与胃肠道菌群失调
人体肠道内定植着400~1000种细菌,总数达一百万亿。随着对肠道微生物组成和多样性的理解,新的发现表明肠道微生物群可以通过脑-肠轴与肠脑功能及神经疾患相关联,进而形成了细菌-脑-肠轴这一新的概念[42],相较于传统脑-肠轴研究集中在心理状态对胃肠道功能的影响而言,在细菌-脑-肠轴中则更加关注肠道菌群与脑-肠轴的相互影响。近年研究发现,肠道菌群与脑-肠轴可分别影响胃肠功能,两者相互影响[32]。一项研究对健康志愿者补充益生菌(双歧杆菌、嗜热菌、嗜热菌、乳酸菌、乳杆菌等)后,功能核磁共振成像显示反映情感、内脏感觉及躯体感觉的功能连接减少[43]。肠道菌群可通过间接作用影响偏头痛,如肠道菌群可产生5-HT、CGPR及IL-10等,肠道菌群还可作用于免疫系统,使血液中促炎性细胞因子和抗炎性细胞因子水平发生变化导致偏头痛[44]。一项小型非随机研究报道,在对29例偏头痛患者补充益生菌后其偏头痛严重程度显著降低[45]。虽然没有直接证据可以证明肠道菌群失调影响偏头痛,但肠道菌群改变用于偏头痛的治疗观点引起了广泛争议,还有待进一步探究。
綜上所述,消化系统疾病患者的偏头痛发生率较普通健康人群升高,脑-肠轴、炎症介质及血管活性物质的释放、胃肠道免疫系统及胃肠道菌群失调在偏头痛及消化系统疾病的共同发病机制中起着重要作用。不同消化系统疾病与偏头痛的发病机制存在不同程度的共通之处,一些针对特定消化系统疾病的药物可以改善偏头痛的发作频率及头痛程度,因此,研究偏头痛与消化系统疾病的共患情况,可能为研究和治疗这两类疾病提供更多的思路。
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(收稿日期:2018-06-27 本文編辑:罗乔荔)