白血病并发癫痫的研究进展

2018-02-24 09:48王文杰刘津毓陈晓倩颜灵芝胡小伟
中国医药导报 2018年35期
关键词:白血病癫痫研究进展

王文杰 刘津毓 陈晓倩 颜灵芝 胡小伟

[摘要] 白血病是临床常见的恶性血液系统疾病,在其治疗过程中可以诱发痫性发作或者癫痫。本文对白血病并发癫痫最新的文献进行综述,发现白血病并发痫性发作和癫痫的原因主要有可逆性后部脑病综合征、造血干细胞移植和化疗。因此,提倡优化白血病治疗、积极预防癫痫发作,对改善患者预后具有重要意义。

[关键词] 白血病;痫性发作;癫痫;研究进展

[中图分类号] R733.72 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)12(b)-0034-05

[Abstract] Leukemia is a common malignant hematological disease in the clinic, and it can induce seizures or epilepsy during the treatment. This article reviews the latest literature on leukemia complicated with epilepsy and finds that leukemia with seizures and epilepsy are mainly caused by reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy. Therefore, the promotion of leukemia treatment and active prevention of seizures are of great significance for improving the prognosis of patients.

[Key words] Leukemia; Seizures; Epilepsy; Research progress

癇性发作和癫痫是白血病最常见的神经系统并发症之一,可显著影响患者预后,因此越来越受到临床的重视[1]。大样本急性淋巴细胞白血病患者中5%出现痫性发作[2]。痫性发作常发生在化疗诱导期[1-3]。白血病患者并发慢性癫痫的也并不少见[4-5]。痫性发作可导致淋巴细胞白血病患儿明显的认知功能下降和白质脑病[6]。癫痫如控制不佳则明显影响患者生活质量和整体预后[7]。本文以“leukemia”或“hematological malignancies”和“seizure”或“epilepsy”为字段检索PubMed数据库,检索限定为标题或文摘,检索截止日期为2018年1月26日。检索出242篇文献,最终共纳入50篇文献以综述白血病并发癫痫的研究进展,以期为临床合理防治提供参考。纳入白血病与痫性发作和癫痫相关的临床研究包含个案报道。排除标准:①重复性文献;②非白血病与癫痫发作相关研究;③基础性研究;④非英语文献。

1 白血病并发痫性发作和癫痫的原因

1.1 可逆性后部脑病综合征介导的痫性发作和癫痫

白血病患者出现癫痫发作是因为并发可逆性后部脑病综合征(posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome,PRES)。PRES为急性或亚急性起病,临床症状为头痛、癫痫、精神行为异常、皮质盲或其他视觉改变;神经影像学表现为特征性累及脑后部白质为主的综合征[8-9]。Khan等[9]报道5217例患有癌症的儿童中37例并发PRES,其中25例(68%,25/37)PRES患儿的原发病为白血病,97%的PRES患儿发生痫性发作,但在使用常规抗癫痫药物治疗后痫性发作均得到了控制。Parasole等[2]报道253例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患者中有27例(11%)出现神经系统并发症,13例患儿有痫性发作,予苯二氮■类和巴比妥类药物治疗,11例均能得到控制;最后诊断中包括10例PRES和2例颞叶癫痫。一项包括56例PRES患儿的研究[4]中,白血病患儿36例(64%),50例患儿(89%)出现痫性发作,最后有4例发展为慢性癫痫,仅有1例死于难治性癫痫。Li等[10]报道31例PRES患儿(7例为急性淋巴细胞白血病)中29例(94%)癫痫发作,3例患者死于PRES急性期。Tambasco等[5]结合文献,综述了111例PRES患者的临床表现和预后,其中80例(72%)患者原发病为白血病,且80%的PRES患者发生痫性发作;此外,有2例患者直接死于PRES,存活的患者中17例有神经系统后遗症,其中10例为慢性癫痫。由此可见,白血病患者易并发PRES,痫性发作则是PRES最常见的表现,部分患者可迁延为慢性癫痫,甚至死亡。

白血病并发PRES的主要原因是化疗药物的应用[4,10],但其发病机制尚不清楚。多项小样本研究[8,11-12]以及个案报道[13-16]也发现白血病常并发PRES,可能与化疗药物相关。Norman等[11]报道3例急性淋巴细胞白血病均出现PRES和痫性发作,其预后良好。Won等[12]报道的8例并发PRES的患儿中4例为淋巴细胞白血病,其认为化疗药物的应用是发生PRES的主要原因;8例PRES患儿均有痫性发作,其中7例服用苯妥英,1例服用奥卡西平,均能控制癫痫。1例16岁患儿使用阿糖胞苷联合伊达比星化疗治疗急性髓细胞白血病后并发PRES,致全身强直阵挛发作,静脉内应用苯妥英钠后得到控制[13]。Papayannidis等[16]发现高剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗B细胞急性淋巴白血病可引起PRES,并且引起3次痫性发作,在控制血压和应用苯妥英钠后,临床症状得到改善,但由于患者不能耐受高剂量甲氨蝶呤化疗,8个月后白血病复发死亡。Singer等[8]报道31例PRES患者,多出现在肿瘤患者化疗后,包括使用靶向药物贝伐珠单抗;其中8例PRES并发于白血病,5例患者干细胞移植后发生PRES;所有PRES患者中癫痫发作率达到58%(18/31),21例PRES患者接受抗癫痫治疗(18例治疗痫性发作,3例为预防发作),51%(11/21)的PRES患者可以在1~6个月内成功停用抗癫痫药,其临床症状和影像学表现均得到缓解。

综上所述,白血病可以并发PRES,痫性发作是PRES最常见的表现,应严格控制血压,合理应用抗癫痫药物防治痫性发作,及早减、停相关的化疗药物可以使多数PRES患者尽快地缓解临床症状[11],从而短期内即可停用抗癫痫药[8]。

1.2 其他原因所致白血病患者癫痫发作

白血病的主要治疗手段包括造血干细胞移植和化疗。这两种治疗手段均会导致患者出现痫性发作。其中有6篇文献报道白血病患者在造血干细胞移植后出现痫性发作,部分患者是干细胞移植联合化疗药物治疗后出现。3项个案报道提示白血病患者接受干细胞移植和环孢素、白消安、环磷酰胺等药物化疗后出现痫性发作,有时需要联合使用多种抗癫痫药,癫痫发作影响白血病患者预后,并导致其出现神经系统后遗症[17-19]。Antunes[20]报道47例并发痫性发作的患癌儿童中22例的原发病为白血病,骨髓移植的患者易出现癫痫发作(占34%),部分患者会发展为慢性癫痫(19%),其应注意抗癫痫药的副作用及其与化疗药的相互作用。Kang等[21]报道在进行干细胞移植后的383例(40例为急性白血病)患儿中70例出现神经系统受累的症状,其中超过50%的是痫性发作,而且6例为难治性癫痫发作,这主要是因为患者发生了慢性移植物抗宿主病。Zhang等[22]报道1461例(其中原发病为白血病的患者1235例,占85%)造血干细胞移植患者中79例(7.1%)并发痫性发作,在经过鲁米那、抗感染、呼吸支持等一系列治疗措施后,其中42例(53%)死亡,提示痫性发作预示移植患者生存率低。上述研究提示,痫性发作对干细胞移植的患者预后有不良影响,其中难治性癫痫治疗困难甚至显著增加患者死亡率,且患者原发病并非仅限于白血病。因其研究对象和方法均存在较大异质性,尚不能对干细胞移植的白血病患者痫性发作的流行病学、治疗和预后进行准确的阐述。

多项研究表明[23-26],甲氨蝶呤治疗白血病时可出现癫痫发作,其中包括4项个案报道,经过多种抗癫痫药物治疗后有3例短期内发作得到控制,1例发展为慢性癫痫。Barisic等[27]报道2例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿给予中枢神经系统预防性放疗和鞘内甲氨蝶呤治疗后出现急慢性的神经系统后遗症,即部分性癫痫发作和颅内钙化,经卡马西平、丙戊酸钠和氨己烯酸治疗后,癫痫得到有效控制。Maytal等[28]报道127例急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿中17例(13%)出现一次或多次痫性发作,16例(12.7%)化疗期间发生癫痫,且绝大多数癫痫发作均与鞘内甲氨蝶呤注射有关,经过抗癫痫治疗后15例能得到控制,仅2例发展为难治性癫痫。Fasano等[29]报道5例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿在全脑放疗和鞘内注射甲氨蝶呤(其中2例同时鞘内注射阿糖胞苷)后出现难治性癫痫,表现为多种癫痫发作类型;服用多种抗癫痫药物,5例患者有认知障碍且不能独立生活,提示预后不佳。Kasai-Yoshida等[30]首次报道71例存活的儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中有2例患兒出现海马硬化型颞叶癫痫,其中1例可能与鞘内甲氨蝶呤化疗相关,1例为保护患儿记忆力未予以海马杏仁核切除,改行颞叶软膜下横切后18个月无痫性发作,另外1例每2个月发作1次。Khan等[31]分析62例初次痫性发作后的恶性血液病患儿的癫痫预后,其中24例(39%)痫性发作的原因为甲氨蝶呤鞘内或全身治疗,62例痫性发作患者中有18例未能得到控制,且其中10例发展为难治性癫痫。高剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗后,血浆同型半胱氨酸短时间内显著升高,可能与患者痫性发作风险增加有关[32]。

另外,其他化疗药物也会诱发白血病患者痫性发作,包括重组干扰素[33]、氟达拉滨[34-35]、苯丁酸氮芥[36]、L-天冬酰胺酶和皮质类固醇[37-38]、环磷酰胺和利妥昔单抗[35],见于个案或其他报道,多为难治性癫痫或癫痫持续状态。抗真菌药两性霉素B[39]和泊沙康唑[40]也可诱发白血病患者痫性发作。水痘带状疱疹病毒再活化是同种异体造血干细胞移植常见并发症,水痘带状疱疹脑膜炎罕见,但可并发痫性发作甚至危及生命[41]。

总之,目前白血病化疗导致癫痫的机制尚不甚清楚,多认为与化疗药物的中枢神经系统毒性有关,患者需要积极治疗。

2 白血病并发癫痫的预防措施

甲氨蝶呤治疗后,血浆同型半胱氨酸水平升高,可能诱发患者痫性发作[32]。补充叶酸和B族维生素是公认的有效降低同型半胱氨酸的药物。甲基四氢叶酸可降低甲氨蝶呤对淋巴细胞白血病患者中枢神经系统毒性,且调节甲氨蝶呤同其他化疗药物依托泊苷、阿糖胞苷之间的相互作用,同时也可预防癫痫的发生[42]。化疗药物的神经毒性多与剂量相关,根据年龄调整鞘内注射托泊替康的剂量(>3岁的患儿每次给药0.4 mg,2~3岁和1~2岁分别减少至0.32、0.25 mg),其在Ⅱ期临床研究中治疗复发或难治性中枢神经系统白血病的效果良好,且痫性发作等神经系统并发症明显较少[43]。

采用大剂量的白消安进行化疗,其常见不良反应为痫性发作。联合使用苯巴比妥和氯硝西泮可以有效预防患者痫性发作[44]。苯妥英钠也常用于预防白消安的致痫,但是苯妥英钠不良反应多,且影响白消安的代谢。Chan等[45]在29例接受干细胞移植和白消安化疗的患儿中改用静脉或口服的劳拉西泮(平均剂量0.022 mg/kg),该药耐受性良好,嗜睡是唯一的副作用,12例患儿坚持用药1个月,在白消安化疗的48 h内无痫性发作,且未影响白消安的吸收和清除。具有肝酶诱导作用的抗癫痫药物可增加化疗药物的清除,给予化疗诱发痫性发作的患儿(包括白血病)加巴喷丁(非肝酶诱导剂)治疗,可有效控制化疗儿童癫痫发作,耐受性好,其原因可能是化疗药物浓度稳定,不需要追加更高剂量,从而减少化疗药物的毒性作用[46]。Fukuyama等[47]报道1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿在诱导化疗后出现PRES,2个月后骨髓移植时给予尼卡地平与丙戊酸钠,成功预防移植后PRES复发和可能的痫性发作。丙戊酸这一常用的抗癫痫药可以协同阿糖胞苷抗急性髓细胞白血病作用,其机制与促进凋亡有关[48];丙戊酸可增强其他化疗药物抗癌疗效,作用机制包括抑制组蛋白脱乙酰酶、调节细胞周期和诱导肿瘤细胞坏死[49]。因此,丙戊酸防治癫痫和抗白血病的双重作用可使部分白血病患者获益更多。

綜上所述,现有研究多关注儿童白血病患者,痫性发作和慢性癫痫是白血病患者最常见的神经系统并发症,原因多为干细胞移植和化疗,或并发PRES并引起癫痫发作,其具体致痫机制仍不明确;白血病直接侵犯中枢神经系统等导致癫痫的报道较少[50]。提倡优化白血病治疗、积极预防癫痫发作,对改善患者预后具有重要意义。未来的研究应同时关注成人白血病患者,深入探讨白血病患者并发癫痫的危险因素、发病机制以及有效的防治措施,为白血病并发癫痫的治疗提供参考。

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(收稿日期:2018-06-27 本文編辑:王 蕾)

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