吴红学 邹力 柯东 童仕伦
[摘要] 目的 探讨腹内型侵袭性纤维瘤病的临床特点、治疗方法和预后。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月~2017年6月武汉大学人民医院收治的26例腹内型侵袭性纤维瘤病患者的临床资料,所有患者均经病理诊断证实。分析接受根治性手术患者和仅行放化疗患者的生存率,并将肿瘤直径≥10 cm组(8例)与肿瘤直径<10 cm(18例)组分别采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,两组生存率比较采用χ2检验,生存曲线采用Log-rank检验。 结果 26例患者术前均行CT或MRI检查,仅1例考虑为腹腔内侵袭性纤维瘤病。22例接受根治性切除术的患者中,随访期间仅1例死亡,总生存率为95.45%;而未能切除仅行放化疗的4例患者中,随访期间有3例死亡,总生存率为25.00%,两组总生存率比较,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。肿瘤直径≥10 cm组与肿瘤直径<10 cm组的预后比较,差异有统计学意义(P = 0.033)。 结论 腹内型侵袭性纤维瘤病术前诊断困难,初治时是否首选手术治疗、肿瘤大小、能否行根治性切除是影响其预后的关键性因素。
[关键词] 腹内型侵袭性纤维瘤病;手术;肿瘤大小;预后
[中图分类号] R730.262 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)12(b)-0106-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of intraperitoneal aggressive fibromatosis. Methods The clinical data of 26 patients with intraperitoneal aggressive fibromatosis in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2007 to June 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were confirmed by pathological diagnosis. The survival rate was analyzed between the patients undergoing radical surgery and those only undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and the survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method for the group with the tumor diameter larger than 10 cm(8 cases) and the group with the tumor diameter less than 10 cm(18 cases) respectively. The survival rate of two groups were compared with χ2 test and the survival curve was tested by Log-rank test. Results All the 26 patients were examined by CT or MRI before operation, only 1 case was considered as intraperitoneal aggressive fibromatosis. Among 22 patients who underwent radical resection, only 1 case dead in follow-up period, the overall survival rate was 95.45%; among 4 patients who only accepted radiotherapy or chemotherapy, 3 cases dead in follow-up period, overall survival rate was 25.00%, the difference in overall survival rate between the two groups was highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). There was significant prognosis difference between the groups of tumor diameter larger than 10 cm and less than 10 cm (P = 0.033). Conclusion Intraperitoneal aggressive fibromatosis is difficult to diagnose before operation. Whether surgical treatment is the first choice, whether to perform radical resection and tumor size are the key factors affecting prognosis.
[Key words] Intraperitoneal aggressive fibromatosis; Surgery; Tumor size; Prognosis
侵襲性纤维瘤病(AF)又称硬纤维瘤、筋膜纤维瘤病、韧带样瘤病等[1]。1832年由Mac-Farlane[2]首先报道,随后Mueller[3]将其命名为硬纤维瘤病。AF起源于间叶组织,由单克隆纤维母细胞异常增殖而形成。其发病率低,每年仅为2/100万~4/100万,约占软组织肿瘤的3%,占所有肿瘤的0.03%[4-5]。AF可发生于全身所有部位,依据其发生部位,可分为腹外型(70%)、腹壁型(20%)、腹内型(10%)三种[6]。由于其发病率低,发生于腹腔内的更是罕见,临床上对腹内型AF诊治经验不多。本研究回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院(以下简称“我院”)收治的有明确病理诊断的26例AF患者的临床资料,以期分析这一疾病的临床特点并探讨其诊治方法。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集我院2007年1月~2017年6月收治的26例腹内型AF患者的临床资料,所有患者均经病理诊断证实。其中男10例,女16例;年龄16~77岁,平均(48±12.2)岁;22例为发病后即到我院诊治,3例为外院行肿瘤切除术后复发患者,再次在我院接受手术切除,1例为在外院行剖腹探查+活检术,来我院评估后,无法再次手术而接受放化疗。
1.2 临床症状
26例患者中,首发症状为腹痛、腹胀7例,便血2例,黄疸1例,发热1例,其余患者无明显不适,均为自行或就医时扪及腹部肿物,或因其他疾病行腹部影像学检查无意中发现。
1.3 CT及MRI表现
26例患者中,20例行腹部CT扫描,11例行MRI检查,8例行CT及MRI检查;病灶均为单发,肿瘤直径2~14 cm,18例直径<10 cm,8例直径≥10 cm,平均直径(7.2±1.6)cm;16例病灶靠近肠系膜根部,4例位于小网膜囊区,6例位于右下腹回盲部;16例肿块呈圆形或类圆形,10例呈不规则形;10例病灶呈均匀性强化,16例呈不均性强化,病灶内部低密度、周边强化;6例病灶T1WI呈等信号,5例呈稍低信号,所有病灶T2WI均呈低于脂肪高于肌肉信号。
1.4 治疗方法
26例患者中,22例初治即到我院,19例接受了根治性切除,其中包括联合脏器切除术6例,另3例剖腹探查时发现肿瘤广泛浸润,无法行切除术,予以肿瘤取活检术,术后病情恢复后给以放化疗。另有3例为外院行肿瘤切除术后复发患者,再次来我院,1例直接接受根治性手术切除,2例经放疗后接受根治性手术。另有1例为在外院行剖腹探查+活检术,来我院评估后,无法再次手术而接受放化疗。所有接受根治术切除的患者(包括初治者和复发再次手术者),术后均未接受辅助放化疗,其中复发7例。术中发现肿瘤无法切除而仅取活检者,术后给以50~60 Gy放疗,并辅以化疗(顺铂100 mg/m2+吡柔比星30 mg/m2+环磷酰胺600 mg/m2,5 d为1个治疗周期,共6个周期)及非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)治疗(塞来昔布胶囊100 mg/次,2次/d)。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 18.0软件分析数据,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料以率表示,两组比较采用χ2检验,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,采用Log-rank检验进行生存比较。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
26例患者术前均行CT或MRI检查,仅1例考虑为腹腔内AF,20例笼统报告为腹腔内占位性病变,3例报告为腹腔内恶性肿瘤,2例报告为肠道恶性肿瘤。26例患者无围术期死亡,无严重并发症发生而再次手术;术后病理诊断均明确为腹腔内AF,均无淋巴结转移,侵犯周围脏器6例,无远处转移灶发现;均获得完整的随访,随访期8~120个月。22例接受根治性切除术的患者中,有7例复发,复发时间为8~32个月;随访期间有1例死亡,总生存率为95.45%。而未切除仅行放化疗的4例患者中,随访期间有3例死亡,总生存率仅为25.00%。两组总生存率比较,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。将肿瘤直径≥10 cm组与肿瘤直径<10 cm组分别绘制生存曲线,并进行Log-rank检验,两组预后比较,差异有统计学意义(P = 0.033)。见图1。
3 讨论
AF较少见,每年每百万人中有2~4人发病,女性发病率较男性高,男女发病率比为1∶2~2∶3[5]。WHO将其定义为纤维母细胞单克隆增生性肿瘤,其生物学行为介于良性纤维性疾病和纤维肉瘤之间[7]。此病多为单发,以浸润性生长和易于局部复发为特点,但不发生淋巴和血行转移[8-9]。AF可发生于颈、肩、四肢等骨骼系统,少数情况下可发生于颅内、乳腺、甲状腺、胸腔等部位,还可发生于腹壁以及腹腔内[10]。根据其发生部位可分为腹外型(70%)、腹内型(10%)、腹壁型(20%)3种类型[6]。腹内型尽管发生率最低,但其预后却最差,因其可侵犯肠道、胆道、尿路、大血管等而造成肠梗阻、肠穿孔、黄疸、输尿管梗阻、大血管受压而脏器血供障碍等并发症。
AF的病因尚不完全清楚,可能与遗传、内分泌、理化作用等因素有关,导致结缔组织生长调节失控。按基因类型可分为2类,第1类为3号染色体上CTNNB1基因突变[11];第二类为5号染色体上APC基因突变[12],此类通常被认为是家族性腺瘤息肉综合征(FAP)、加德纳(Gardner)综合征等遗传性疾病的一部分。CTNNB1和APC都是Wnt信号通路的组成部分,通过Wnt/β-catenin/APC信号通路,β-catenin蛋白去磷酸化被抑制,而不被蛋白酶降解,導致成纤维细胞异常增殖[13-15]。另外该病育龄女性发病率高,在闭经及使用内分泌治疗后消退,提示激素或许在该病的发生和进展中起着一定的作用[16]。
腹内型AF的术前诊断比较困难,单纯依据患者的临床症状、体征和影像学检查,较难将其与纤维肉瘤、淋巴瘤、癌肿等分开,本研究中26例患者,术前均行CT或MRI检查,仅有1例考虑为AF,诊断率极低。但CT、MRI等影像学检查,对评估肿瘤的大小、侵犯范围、有无周围器官受累、有无大血管受侵犯有一定的意义,因此应列为术前的常规检查。由于AF不会发生区域淋巴结或远处转移,因此PET-CT等针对有无远处转移的检查意义不大。治疗前应尽可能地获得病理学诊断,如无法获取组织且经影像学评估可以切除,则应积极手术切除。
由于AF,特别是腹内型AF发病率较低,目前尚无针对该疾病的诊疗规范,需针对具体病例进行个体化治疗,目前公认手术切除是其一线治疗方法。AF具有进展缓慢、不发生淋巴结和远处转移、术后易复发等特点,因此手术时机、手术方式等方面均存在争议。本研究结果显示,接受根治性切除患者生存率明显高于未接受根治性切除患者,肿瘤直径<10 cm组较肿瘤直径≥10 cm组生存时间长。因此,笔者认为,此类疾病,只要影像学评估能予以手术切除,就应积极手术治疗。如若术前观察或新辅助治疗,可能引起疾病进展而无法切除或无法R0切除。由于其不发生淋巴结及远处转移的特点,因此R0切除是影响预后的关键性因素。如术中发现其侵犯周围器官,可行联合脏器切除术。Leithner等[17]报道了包含260例AF的Meta分析,对比R1、R2和R0不同切缘AF术后复发情况,认为手术切缘是肿瘤复发的重要因素。
对于术前评估无法手术切除或术后复发的患者,放化疗、内分泌治疗、NSAIDs治疗也具有一定的意义。Kriz等[6]报道了52例行放射治疗的AF患者,其中术后放疗37例,单纯放疗15例,平均放射剂量为50~60 Gy,总体控制率达79%。Bocale等[18]报道了采用雌激素受体调节剂(托瑞米芬、他莫西芬)治疗168例AF患者的效果,总体有效率为51%。Teshima等[19]报道了1例颈部AF,患者主要表现是颈肩部疼痛,服用NSAIDs,最初目的是为了缓解肿瘤所引起的疼痛,意外发现瘤体竟然縮小了,CT检查也证实肿瘤发生消退。Janinis等[20]系统性回顾了吲哚美辛、双氯芬酸、塞来昔布等NSAIDs治疗AF的效果,在29例患者中,48%的患者获得部分缓解,28%的患者疾病稳定,14%的患者疾病进展。NSAIDs能治疗AF,可能与AF表达环氧合酶(COX)-2受体相关。
总之,对于腹内型AF的治疗,应力争在初治时尽可能做到根治性切除,对于难以切除或手术切缘阳性的病例,应积极采取放疗、化疗等辅助治疗,仍有可能达到比较满意的治疗效果,改善患者预后。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-30 本文編辑:罗乔荔)