赵波 毕欣 杨米凤 廖亚彬 崔晶晶 李艳芳 蒋雪梅
[摘要]目的 調查云南省多种民族儿童夜遗尿症(PNE)的患病率,为进一步推广PNE诊治技术提供依据。方法 2016年4月~2017年12月,采用整群随机抽样的方法,选取云南省不同的8个少数民族聚集地辖区内的幼儿园、小学、初中、高中的儿童和青少年进行PNE的流行病学调查。采用部分现场发放调查问卷(2016年4~12月),部分微信问卷调查、网络回收(2017年3~12月)的方式。结果 实际共发放调查问卷10 023份,回收9252份,有效问卷9133份,有效回收率为91.1%。云南省5~18岁儿童PNE的患病率为2.4%,其中汉族2.0%,彝族2.1%,白族1.6%,纳西族1.8%,藏族5.6%,傣族1.3%,回族3.9%,哈尼族1.2%。5岁时的患病率为6.5%,7岁3.6%,10岁2.1%,18岁0.3%,有随年龄的增加逐渐降低的趋势。本组资料中48.7%有家族史,15.6%有便秘史,9.0%有日间尿频,65.0%有睡前饮水、喝奶习惯。结论 云南省少数民族5~18岁的儿童PNE的患病率2.4%,但就诊率低,应引起重视。调查中患病率最高的藏族5.6%,除生活习惯、文化教育水平等因素外,是否与民族、地域环境、海拔有关,有待进一步研究。
[关键词]云南;少数民族;夜遗尿症;流行病学调查
[中图分类号] R181.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2018)12(c)-0150-03
[Abstract] Objective To provide evidence for the further promotion of diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis, which was necessary for investigating the prevalence and epidemiology of nocturnal enuresis in children of ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province. Methods From April 2016 to December 2017, a randomized cluster sampling survey was conducted to randomly select children and adolescents from kindergarten, primary school, junior high school and senior high school in eight different ethnic minority areas in Yunnan Province to conduct epidemiological investigations. The survey collected data by using the on-site survey questionnaires (from Apply to December 2016), and the Wechat questionnaires which extracted data through internet (from March to December 2017). Results Actually, a total of 10 023 questionnaires were distributed and 9252 questionnaires were finally collected. Among them, 9133 effective questionnaires had an effective recovery rate of 91.1%. The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis disease among children aged 5 to 18 in Yunnan Province was 2.4%. From the ethnic composition of the survey population, the incidence rate of the Han nationality was 2.0%, Yi people was 2.1%, Bai people was 2.1%, Naxi people was 2.1%, Tibetan was 5.6%, Dai people was 1.3%, Hui people was 3.9%, Hani people was 1.2%. From the age structure of the survey population, the incidence rate at age 5 was 6.57%, at age 7 was 3.6%, at age 10 was 2.1% and at age 18 was 0.3%, which suggests that the prevalence of this disease has a tendency to gradually decrease with age. In all our survey data, 48.7% of the patients had a family history of nocturnal enuresis, 15.6% of the patients have constipation, 9.0% of the patients have urinary frequency symptoms during the day, 65.0% of the patients require a habit of drinking water before bedtime. Conclusion The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis disease among children aged 5 to 18 in Yunnan Province was 2.4%, which deserves our attention. The highest prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in this survey was Tibetans(5.6%), and the lowest prevalence was Hani people(1.2%). Whether these survey results were related to factors such as the level of cultural and educational standards of various nationalities, and whether or not they were also related to the elevation or environment both need for further research.
[Key words] Yunnan; Ethnic minorities; Primary nocturnal enuresis; Epidemiological investigation
儿童原发性夜遗尿症(PNE)是一种常见疾病,若得不到及时治疗将对患儿身心健康及家庭生活造成严重危害[1-3]。儿童PNE是指年齡≥5岁儿童平均每周至少2次夜间不自主排尿,并持续3个月以上[4]。目前全国儿童和青少年PNE流行病学调查显示总的发病率1.25%[5]。本研究对云南省少数民族儿童PNE进行流行病学调查,旨在了解云南省不同少数民族儿童PNE的发病情况,为推广PNE的诊断治疗技术提供依据。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
2016年4月~2017年12月,采用整群随机抽样的方法,选取昆明市、玉溪市、寻甸县、西双版纳、楚雄、大理、丽江、香格里拉、元阳9个市、县,对选取的行政辖区内随机选取一所幼儿园(中、大班)、小学、初中、高中的5~18岁儿童和青少年进行PNE流行病学调查,每个地区的调查人数1200以上,抽样人群的年龄、性别构成符合抽样要求。平均年龄(11.4±6.2)岁;男4742例,女4391例。
1.2方法
采取问卷调查及微信调查的形式(调查内容一致),学校班主任将问卷或微信及调查说明发放家长手中。调查说明简述该项目调查的目的及意义,并向家长承诺不推销药品及器械。
1.3调查指标
包括①一般项目:性别、民族、出生日期、学校名称和班级、父母的文化程度、是否有家族史;②是否存在PNE;③是否日间有尿频、便秘、睡前饮水;④尿床对父母的影响、对孩子的影响、是否就诊、就诊的科室、家长选择的治疗方式。
1.4统计学方法
采用SPSS 10.0统计软件对数据进行统计学分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
实际发放调查问卷10 023份,回收9252份,有效问卷9133份,有效回收率为91.1%。云南省5~18岁儿童、青少年PNE的患病率为2.4%,藏族患病率最高,与汉族比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1)。云南省儿童PNE 5岁时的患病率6.5%,有随年龄的增加逐渐降低的趋势(表2)。
3讨论
儿童PNE的患病率各国报道不一[6]。Sarici等[7]报道总遗尿率9.52%,香港有关资料[8]指出在7岁时患病率10.0%。本研究对云南省9个地区5~18岁儿童和青少年进行调查发现,PNE总体患病率为2.4%。其中汉族2.0%,彝族2.1%,白族1.6%,纳西族1.8%,藏族5.6%,傣族1.3%,回族3.9%,哈尼族1.2%。5岁时的患病率为6.5%,7岁3.6%,10岁2.1%,18岁0.3%,有随年龄的增加逐渐降低的趋势。资料中藏族的患病率最高,与汉族比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。考虑与生活饮食习惯不同、文化教育水平、排便训练不同有关,但是否与民族、生活地域环境、海拔不同有关需进一步研究。
本组资料中48.7%有家族史,15.6%有便秘史,9.0%有日间尿频,65.0%有睡前饮水、喝奶习惯。调查发现PNE对父母的困扰超过对孩子的困扰,调查人群中78.0%的家长选择等待,16.0%选择去氨加压素治疗,2.0%选择遗尿报警器,4.0%采用其他方法(中药、针灸)。就诊的科室分布依次为中医科、肾内科、泌尿外科、儿保科、心理科。
PNE跟夜间多尿、膀胱容积小、睡眠觉醒障碍有关[9-11]。目前推荐的一线治疗方法为去氨加压素及遗尿报警器[12-15]。总体来看,云南省5~8岁儿童及青少年PNE患病率较高,就诊率较低,提示云南省对PNE的宣传不够,家长对疾病的认识不够,应引起各级医疗卫生人员的重视。
[参考文献]
[1]Basiri A,Bahrainian SA,Khosgdel A,et al.Primary nocturnal enuresis is associated with lower intelligence quotient scores in boys from poorer socioeconomic status families[J].Int J Urol,2017,24(3):217-221.
[2]Salehi B,Yousefichaijan P,Rafeei M,et al.The Relationship Between Child Anxiety Related Disorders and Primary Nocturnal Enuresis[J].Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci,2016,10(2):e4462.
[3]Gulisano M,Domini C,Capelli M,et al.Importance of neuropsychiatric evaluation in children with primary monosymptomatic enuresis[J].J Pediatr Urol,2017,13(5):549-551.
[4]沈茜,刘小梅,姚勇,等.中国儿童单症状性夜遗尿疾病管理专家共识[J].临床儿科杂志,2014,34(10):970-975.
[5]徐虹,李艳君.从儿童夜遗尿的全国流调到疾病管理[A].//夜遗尿疾病管理高峰论坛[C].2017.
[6]Arena S,Patricolo M.Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and associated factors in a referral continence clinic of Abu Dhabi[J].Pediatr Med Chir,2017,39(2):150-153.
[7]Sarici H,Telli O,Ozgar BC,et al.Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and its influence on quality of life in school-aged children[J].J Pediatr Urol,2016,12(3):159-161.
[8]Yeung CK,Sreedhar B,Sihoe JD,et al.Differences in characteristics of nocturnal enuresis between children and adolescents:a critical appraisal from a large epidemiological study[J].BJU Int,2006,97(5):1069-1073.
[9]Hyuga T,Nakamura S,Kawai S,et al.Evaluation of the effectiveness of a short-term treatment and repeat treatment of nocturnal enuresis using an enuresis alarm[J].Urology,2017,105:153-156.
[10]Tas N,Kandur Y,Fidan K,et al.The effect of antidiuretic hormone on urine and serum electrolyte levelsin children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis[J].Turk J Med Sci,2017,47(5):1328-1332.
[11]Jain S,Bhatt GC.Advances in the management of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children[J].Paediatr Int Child Health,2016,36(1):7-14.
[12]Van Herzeele C,Dhondt K,Roels SP,et al.Desmopressin (melt)therapy in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and nocturnal polyuria results in improved neuropsychological functioning and sleep[J].Pediatr Nephrol,2016,31(9):1477-1484.
[13]郭維,徐虹,沈茜,等.遗尿报警器治疗特定亚型儿童单一症状遗尿症疗效观察[J].临床儿科杂志,2015,35(3):223.
[14]Berkenwald A,Pires J,Ellsworth P.Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis[J].J Pediatr Urol,2016,12(4):220.e1-6.
[15]Schroeder MK,Juul KV,Mahler B,et al.Desmopressin use in pediatric nocturnal enuresis patients:is there a sex difference in prescription patterns?[J].Eur J Pediatr,2018,177(3):389-394.