钟远鸣,莫日养,梁梓扬,许伟
脊髓型颈椎病(cervical spondylotic myelopathy,CSM)是颈椎病中最严重的类型,非手术方式治疗效果差,一旦确诊需尽早手术治疗。手术治疗的目的在于脊髓减压和结构稳定性重建。目前临床上有前路手术、后路手术、前后联合入路3种方式,现简要对近年主要的手术方式作一综述。
1.1 手术入路考虑因素 选择手术入路需考虑众多因素,有学者认为需考虑致压物位置及大小、颈椎曲度、颈椎是否不稳、是否有轴性疼痛、年龄及医院条件[1]。有外国学者认为,患者年龄、身体状况、既往颈椎手术史、术前颈肩部疼痛、脊髓受压节段、颈椎退变范围以上也需考虑在内[2]。致压物性质需考虑,软性致压物,单纯后路减压手术可取得良好疗效;骨性致压物,单纯后路手术疗效差,需要前路手术减压[3]。前路手术适应证有:单双节段的椎间盘突出及骨赘,颈椎失稳,局限性椎管狭窄,小节段后纵韧带骨化[4]。后路手术适应证有:≥3个节段的椎间盘突出,广泛椎管狭窄,长节段的后纵韧带骨化,多节段骨赘,黄韧带肥厚等[4]。
1.2 单双节段CSM手术入路 对于涉及1~2个节段的CSM患者,临床上认为颈椎前路减压融合是最为理想的手术方式,疗效好,并发症少,对伴有颈椎后凸的患者尤为适合[5]。
1.3 多节段脊髓型颈椎病(multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy,MCSM)手术入路 对于MCSM的术式仍存在争议。支持前路手术治疗的观点认为:前路手术能够直接去除前方致压结构,解除对脊髓及血管的压迫、恢复颈椎生理前凸,缓解轴性疼痛。张少华等[6]对60例MCSM的临床资料进行回顾性分析,结果表明,在神经功能恢复、疼痛缓解、关节活动度(ROM)改善、颈椎曲度指数(CCI)改善方面前路手术组均优于后路手术组。支持后路手术治疗的观点认为,后路手术可直接解除后缘压迫,利用“弓弦原理”使脊髓漂浮减压,脊髓或神经损伤风险相对较低,而且术后植骨塌陷、不融合的比例少。游景扬等[7]通过Meta分析得出,前后路手术两者治疗MCSM在脊髓神经功能改善、手术时间、术中出血量方面无差异,但在并发症方面,后路手术明显优于前路手术。YEH等[8]主张一期前后联合入路,前路手术彻底清除脊髓前方致压物,稳定颈椎,结合后路多节段开门可以预防前路椎体融合后远期发生的临近节段病变。目前MCSM的术式存在争议,因此选择术式还需针对上文的因素及术者本身情况选择。
颈椎前路手术具有创伤小、减压彻底和有效恢复颈椎生理曲度等优点。临床上主要应用的术式有前路椎间盘切除减压融合术(anteri-or cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)、前路椎体切除减压融合术(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)、零切迹颈前路椎间融合(Zero-profile anterior cervical interbody fusion cage,Zero-P ACIF)、人工椎间盘置换(artificial cervical disc replace-ment,ACDR)。
2.1 ACDF 自首次报道颈椎前路减压椎间自体骨植骨融合术治疗颈椎病以来,ACDF已是颈椎前路手术治疗的经典。ACDF可使颈椎的生物力学稳定性得到更多保留,植入物移位等并发症的发生率低[9]。肖文德等[10]认为ACDF具有手术时间短、术中出血量较少、手术创伤小、长时间维持颈椎生理曲度和椎间高度等优点。ACDF对于双节段而言,其减压应力相对分散,能使颈椎生理曲度明显改善。综合来看可见ACDF在维持颈椎曲度、高度、手术创伤、出血等方面较ACCF好。存在椎体后减压不充分、术中视野小、吞咽困难、假关节发生率高等缺点[11]。关于ACDF与ACCF的选择,肖文德等[10]认为椎体后方存在后纵韧带骨化或游离椎间盘组织考虑ACCF,反之行ACDF。
2.2 ACCF ACCF较ACDF具有视野清楚、操作方便、减压彻底,融合率好的优点。ACCF的植入物及相邻椎体的融合面较ACDF少,且钛网增大植骨与骨槽周围骨质的接触面积,利于融合,具有更好的融合率[12]。然而就融合率而言,有学者持相反意见,侯树兵等[13]认为与ACCF相比,ACDF可以获得更满意的植骨融合率。关于ACCF与ACDF二者融合率高低尚存在争议,融合率的高低除与植骨接触面有关外,还与术者操作等因素相关。ACCF切除椎体手术创伤较大,出血量多,在维持融合节段高度方面比ACDF差,存在钛网下沉现象[14]。李涛等[15]提出可通过保留椎体终板、修剪合适的钛网、挫平其两端以及适当预弯并正确选择锁定钛板长度来避免钛网下降。
2.3 Zero-P ACIF ACDF中钛板融合内固定系统突出于椎体前缘,内固定与椎体前软组织摩擦导致食管损伤、咽部异物感、吞咽困难等并发症。Zero-P ACIF因其将前路固定及椎间融合于一体故可避免以上并发症[16]。Zero-P ACIF融合器下沉、内固定失败的风险极大减低。唐龙等[17]研究结果还表明,Zero-P ACIF组较传统钛板联合Cage置入融合内固定组相比具有术中出血少、术中透视剂量小及吞咽困难发生率低等优点。Zero-P ACIF存在如下不足:减压仅限椎间隙水平,对术者的技术水平要求高;禁忌证包括脊柱骨折、肿瘤、感染及严重骨质疏松[18]。需注意的是,有学者提出在C3/4甚至C2/3安装时,由于下颌的阻挡,下位椎体螺钉的置入有时较为困难,尤其当遇到短颈患者时,故C2/3椎间隙不建议使用Zero-P ACIF[19]。虽然其优势较ACDF好,但对术者要求高,临床文献报道少,中长期临床疗效如何尚不知。
2.4 ACDR ACDR相比ACDF或ACCF的优势在于,不但可以达到治疗效果,其属于非融合术式,还能够减少邻近节段退变。对于MCSM的治疗,进行多个人工椎间盘置换是否适宜,还存在着较多争议[20]。有学者提出采用ACDR联合ACDF治疗MCSM,并取得不错临床效果[21]。
颈椎后路手术通过扩大椎管容积,利用“弓弦原理”使脊髓向后方漂移,间接解除脊髓前方压迫,较前路手术安全。目前有椎板成形术和椎板切除术两大类。
3.1 单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术 传统的单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术通过丝线或尼龙绳将掀起的椎板固定在小关节囊上,患者术后容易出现轴性症状及再关门现象[22]。还易发生后凸畸形、C5神经根病、铰链侧骨折再移位等并发症[23]。此后出现以下改良术式:“伊藤法”将植骨块通过钢丝或尼龙线捆绑固定在开门侧的椎板和小关节突上;“锚定法”将打开的椎板用锚钉固定于铰链侧的侧块上。此两种术式再关门发生率明显降低,但“伊藤法”属软性固定,其对小关节囊及椎旁肌的缝合干扰,轴性症状并未减少;“锚定法”虽属刚性固定,会造成椎管有效矢状面积的丢失[24]。O'BRIEN等[25]首次将微型钛板用于颈椎管扩大成形术中。随着微型钛板应用,轴性症状、再关门现象的发生率已明显降低。常用的微型钛板主要有ARCH、Centerpiece。严重颈椎失稳、颈椎后凸畸形及椎间孔狭窄的患者为单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术的手术禁忌证[26]。
3.2 双开门椎管扩大椎板成形术 单开门与双开门椎管扩大椎板成形术均可使神经功能恢复。但双开门椎管扩大椎板成形术对称性扩大椎板,完整保留椎板,防止瘢痕压迫,大部分颈椎后部结构得以保留,颈椎的稳定性好。理论上双开门椎管扩大椎板成形术较单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术的效果稍好。梁和胜等[27]对单开门及双开门椎管扩大椎板成形术对比研究显示,双开门组在手术出血量、手术时间和术后住院时间、轴性症状发生率均明显优于单开门组。双开门椎管扩大椎板成形术多联合植骨融合术,自体骨是最佳植骨材料,但并发症高,现多用自体骨替代材料(同种异体骨和人工骨),人工骨以羟基磷灰石和磷酸三钙应用最广。
3.3 椎板切除术 1970年以前,椎板切除术一直是MCSM的标准手术治疗方案。椎板切除范围为C3~7部分或全部椎板,甚至扩大至C2或T1等[28]。容易出现颈椎曲度改变、颈椎不稳、鹅颈畸形、轴性症状、远期脊髓功能降低等并发症[29]。SHIRAISHI[30]进行改良提出跳跃式椎板切除术:切除部分椎板和黄韧带,保留双侧颈半棘肌和多裂肌附着,降低术后轴性症状的发生。现临床上多采用后路椎板切除侧块螺钉内固定。
分为一期或分期联合手术。常见一期前后联合入路手术方案有ACDF或ACCF联合单开门椎管扩大成形术。前后联合手术具有减压充分和坚强固定的优势,同时兼顾单纯前路入路和后路入路的不足。一期前后联合入路手术具有以下优点:同时充分减压前后方,使脊髓的损害降低;前后联合入路对于颈椎不稳的CSM能在减压同时恢复颈椎正常生理结构;分期两次手术间隔较长,脊髓受损可能性增加,一期前后联合入路避免此问题且使总住院时间缩短[31]。美国骨科医师学会(AAOS)建议的适应证是:CSM合并严重或固定后凸畸形、合并严重骨质疏松症或多节段受累影响稳定性时,应考虑前后联合入路手术[32]。杨宏涛等[33]对比不同术式得出,联合入路组的临床优良率优于前路组和后路组。前后联合入路存在手术创伤大、术中出血多,术中需变换体位、对患者全身情况及耐受力要求等局限性[34]。有学者通过前瞻性多中心分析,对比前后联合入路(联合入路组)、前路手术(前路组)、后路手术(后路组)这3种术式治疗CSM的总并发症及吞咽困难发生率的高低,结果显示,总并发症发生率:联合入路组>后路组>前路组;吞咽困难发生率:联合入路组>前路组>后路组[35]。有研究结果相反,李庆富等[36]通过对比前后联合入路(联合组)及后路手术(后路组)的疗效得出,治疗3个月后联合组患者总有效率为95%,并发症发生率为5%,优于后路组的75%和15%。至于前后联合入路是否会导致并发症增加,目前无确切证据。但是可以肯定的是前后联合入路手术时间长、手术创伤大,对术者技术要求高、对患者耐受及体质要求也高。
CSM各种手术方案优缺点不同,有不同的适应证及禁忌证。手术治疗目的均是减压、扩大椎管、恢复脊髓功能以及重建脊柱稳定性。选择手术方式时需综合考虑,首先考虑脊髓的功能恢复,其次应尽量采用创伤小、并发症少、花费少,同时符合颈椎正常生理功能的手术方式。
作者贡献:钟远鸣进行文章的构思与设计,撰写论文,负责文章的质量控制及审校;莫日养进行文献收集/整理,论文的修订,对文章整体负责及监督管理;梁梓扬进行文献收集与整理;许伟进行文献整理。本文无利益冲突。
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