周沐科,郭毅佳,董书菊,何俐
卒中已成为我国居民的第一大死亡原因,严重影响居民的健康与生活质量[1]。目前,急性缺血性卒中最有效的药物治疗是超早期静脉溶栓[2-3],因其可显著改善患者预后,被国内外脑血管病指南一致推荐。但由于治疗时间窗有限和治疗适应证的局限性[4],仅有少部分患者能得到静脉溶栓治疗。卒中的预防重于治疗,因此,健康、合理的生活方式以及规范、有效的预防措施,积极控制卒中危险因素才是降低卒中负担的关键。
近年来的研究显示,高脂血症是缺血性卒中的独立危险因素之一,血浆胆固醇尤其是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平升高与动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(AtheroSclerotic CardioVascular Disease,ASCVD)的关系密不可分。如何通过血脂的管理来预防卒中,在缺血性卒中一级、二级预防指南中已有明确推荐。他汀类药物是目前临床降脂药物中降低LDL-C作用较强、安全性和耐受性较好的药物,已成为缺血性卒中预防的三大基石之一。本文对他汀在缺血性卒中一级预防中的研究进展进行综述。
他汀在卒中一级预防中的作用研究主要来源于一些大型的临床试验,这些试验受试者大多是包括高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症及冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病等多种卒中危险因素的中、高危风险者。
1.1 高血压患者的降脂治疗 盎格鲁-斯堪的纳维亚心脏转归研究-降脂分支(Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm,ASCOT-LLA)是一项针对高血压患者的降脂临床试验,在10 305例正常胆固醇水平的高血压患者中使用阿托伐他汀10 mg/d治疗3.1年,结果发现可减少致死和非致死性卒中27%,非致死性心肌梗死和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病死亡的联合终点事件减少36%,所有冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病事件减少29%[5]。但有一项对505例患者的回顾性登记研究[6],旨在观察缺血性卒中前使用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)类降压药联合使用抗血小板和(或)他汀类药物相比单独使用ACEI类药物,看其对卒中后功能结局是否有协同附加作用,结果发现不论单药组还是联合药物组(ACEIvsACEI+抗血小板、ACEI+他汀、ACEI+抗血小板+他汀),对改善卒中后功能结局的作用无显著差异,因此研究者认为在具有高血压危险因素的患者中,选择最佳降压药来预防卒中是最合理的[6]。
1.2 糖尿病患者的降脂治疗 在糖尿病患者中,大多数研究结果表明无论患者是否存在血脂异常,他汀预防心脑血管事件均有效[7-9]。针对2型糖尿病患者服用阿托伐他汀预防心血管疾病的多中心、随机、安慰剂对照试验(primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study,CARDS)共纳入2838例血浆胆固醇水平正常的2型糖尿病患者,随机分为他汀治疗组(阿托伐他汀,10 mg/d)和安慰剂组,治疗2年因疗效终点显著提前终止治疗,随访平均3.9年发现,低剂量阿托伐他汀显著降低了糖尿病患者48%卒中风险[8]。
1.3 高脂血症和代谢综合征患者的降脂治疗 日本轻中度高胆固醇处理一级预防研究(Management of Elevated Cholesterol in the Primary Prevention Group of Adult Japanese,MEGA)是一项基于对无心脑血管疾病史的日本人群的临床试验,该研究纳入了7832例轻中度胆固醇升高的人群,使用低剂量普伐他汀(10~20 mg/d)治疗,发现可显著降低30%~40%动脉粥样硬化性心脑血管疾病事件[10],在MEGA研究的后续分析中,研究者参照美国国家胆固醇教育计划修订标准对代谢综合征的定义,对MEGA试验中不伴有心脑血管疾病的代谢综合征人群进行研究发现,使用低剂量的普伐他汀治疗同样获益[11]。
1.4 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者的降脂治疗 一项针对稳定性冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者开展的强化他汀预防心血管事件的新靶点治疗研究(treating to new targets,TNT),分别使用阿托伐他汀80 mg/d与10 mg/d治疗,平均随访4.9年,发现高剂量组终点事件缺血性卒中发生风险显著降低[风险比(hazard ratio,HR)0.75,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)0.59~0.86,P=0.021],且并未增加出血性卒中的风险[12]。一项纳入10项随机对照研究的荟萃分析结果认为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者高剂量强化他汀治疗相比中等剂量他汀,显著降低了致死性卒中和非致死性卒中的风险[13]。然而,基于中国急性冠脉综合征患者的干预研究结果发现,中-高剂量(20~40 mg/d)阿托伐他汀治疗和低剂量(10 mg/d)阿托伐他汀治疗相比,尽管进一步降低6.4%的LDL-C水平,但对于复合终点事件(复合心脑血管事件)的预防无显著差异(HR1.39,95%CI0.78~2.46,P=0.245)[14]。近期,观察辛伐他汀/依折麦布改善结局事件的国际试验[Improved Reduction of Outcomes:Vytorin(Ezetimibe/Simvastatin)Efficacy International Trial,IMPROVE-IT]公布了平均随访6年的研究结果,对急性冠脉综合征或行血运重建术后患者使用辛伐他汀联合依折麦布治疗相比辛伐他汀单药治疗[15-16],可以更显著降低LDL-C水平和改善复合心血管事件结局,为降脂药物的选择提供了更多的临床研究证据。
瑞舒伐他汀一级预防评价研究(Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin,JUPITER)纳入了17 802例无ASCVD疾病但伴有高密度C-反应蛋白升高的人群,发现使用瑞舒伐他汀20 mg/d治疗平均随访1.9年,显著降低主要心脑血管事件的联合终点达44%[17]。在JUPITER研究的后续分析中显示,即使在10年Framingham心血管危险评分为低危、中危人群中,大幅度降低LDL-C水平,均能显著减少ASCVD事件的发生[18]。一些荟萃分析的结果同样表明即使基线ASCVD危险分层为低危的人群,他汀类药物预防治疗仍可带来与高危人群及总体人群相似的临床获益[19-21]。
由于目前各国指南或共识声明对于心血管风险评估方程和评估系统不同,对于ASCVD的危险分层方法在不同人群中可能还存在差别。George Thanassoulis等[22]调查了2005-2010年2134名美国居民健康和营养数据,以此推算7180万美国居民是否需要接受他汀类药物治疗。作者采用了2种方法来计算他汀的适用人群:若采用基于10年整体风险的方法(10年风险≥7.5%),1500万(95%CI1270~1730)居民符合他汀类药物治疗的适应证;若采用基于个体获益的方法[10年绝对风险降低(absolute risk reduction over 10 years,ARR10)≥2.3%],2460万(95%CI2100~2810)居民将从他汀类药物治疗中获益。按个体获益方法新增的低风险人群(950万,10年风险<7.5%,ARR10≥2.3%)个体更加年轻(基于获益法vs基于风险法,他汀适应证人群平均年龄:55.2岁vs62.5岁,P<0.001),其LDL-C水平更高(140 mg/dlvs133 mg/dl;P=0.01)。该研究表明基于个体获益他汀处方的方法可更好地识别一级预防真正的受益人群,而这些新增的低风险人群需要更加早期积极地启动他汀治疗。近期,一项研究比较了美国国家胆固醇教育计划(National Cholesterol Education Program,NCEP)成人治疗组第三次修订指南(Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ,ATPⅢ)和美国心脏病学会/美国心脏学会(American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association,ACC/AHA)指南对推荐使用他汀一级预防冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和卒中的成本效益,结果发现与ATPⅢ相比,ACC/AHA指南在一级预防中扩大了他汀药物使用,使更多人受益,并节省了成本。该研究认为个体在一级预防中长期使用他汀药物的获益,更多地取决于与药物负担相关的副作用而不是心血管风险程度[23]。
大多数研究发现,卒中前他汀使用者的卒中发病严重程度较轻[24-27],神经功能恢复更好[25,27-29],住院期间死亡率更低[30-31],这种获益在大动脉粥样硬化型卒中患者中更为明显[32]。
4.1 他汀种类和种族因素影响一级预防的效果 有研究认为发病前他汀药物的种类可能影响一级预防的效果,该研究发现辛伐他汀治疗改善了神经功能恢复,而阿托伐他汀和其他所有类型的他汀与预后无关[33]。一项前瞻性研究一共纳入了1360例急性缺血性卒中患者,发现在卒中前使用他汀预防的白种人神经功能恢复较好,而在黑种人当中并未获益[34]。
4.2 发病前他汀使用与静脉溶栓治疗预后 一项分析接受静脉溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者预后影响因素的研究发现,发病前他汀使用是改善溶栓治疗结局的独立影响因素[35]。一项荟萃分析(1055例)的结果表明发病前他汀预防治疗虽然增加溶栓后症状性颅内出血的风险,但这并不影响卒中发病3个月的临床结局和死亡率[36]。
4.3 他汀预防作用的可能机制 他汀类药物对缺血性卒中产生的有益作用可能与抑制、逆转动脉粥样硬化的程度有关,并可减少梗死灶的体积[37]、改善侧支循环[38]、降低血小板活性等[39-40]。一项应用经颅多普勒超声研究大动脉粥样硬化型卒中患者卒中前使用他汀与微栓子信号(microembolic signal,MES)的潜在相关性,结果显示相比发病前未使用他汀的患者,发病前使用他汀的患者微栓子检出率更低;他汀剂量亚组分析中,MES检出率及MES负荷均与他汀剂量呈相关性[41]。探讨的方向之一[15-16]。
他汀药物在中国人群中已经是防治ASCVD最常使用的药物。近期中国血脂异常调查研究结果表明,门诊接受降脂治疗的患者90%以上选用低-中等剂量他汀类药物治疗,一级预防总胆固醇总达标率为42%,LDL-C总达标率为52%,极高危患者的LDL-C达标率仅为15%,这表明尽管他汀药物使用已经很普及,但大多数患者降脂治疗并未达标[42]。氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)是动脉粥样硬化的生物标记物,调控急性或慢性炎症反应性疾病的进展。急性缺血性卒中氧化应激研究(Study of Oxidative Stress in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke,SOS-Stroke)表明:ox-LDL高水平与卒中后1年内高死亡风险和不良功能结局有关,尤其是大动脉粥样硬化型和小动脉闭塞型卒中患者[43]。除他汀类药物外,一些其他药物如普罗布考、依折麦布、Evolocumab等也被发现具有抗动脉粥样硬化、氧化应激以及降低ASCVD事件风险的作用[44-46]。在今后开展ASCVD一级或二级预防研究中,除了考虑使用他汀药物的剂量外,联合用药降脂治疗可能也是未来研究
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