贾卓鹏 金林 车红民
(西安医学院第一附属医院神经外科,陕西 西安 710077)
血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与脑静脉窦血栓形成及预后的关系
贾卓鹏*金林 车红民
(西安医学院第一附属医院神经外科,陕西 西安 710077)
目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与脑静脉窦血栓形成及预后的关系。方法检测31例脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)患者及30例健康对照组血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,将CVST患者分组为高Hcy及正常Hcy组并进行神经功能缺损评估,比较不同组之间血Hcy水平的差异及Hcy对CVST患者预后的影响。结果①CVST组中Hcy显著高于对照组,而叶酸,维生素B12均显著低于对照组(P<0.01);②CVST患者组中高Hcy组与正常Hcy组预后比较,好转率高Hcy血症组低于正常Hcy组(P<0.05)。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑静脉窦血栓形成的危险因素,伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症的CVST患者预后不佳。
同型半胱氨酸; 脑静脉窦血栓; 危险因素; 预后
脑静脉窦血栓(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, CVST)为少见的缺血性脑血管病,病因复杂,临床表现因静脉窦闭塞程度、血栓形成速度、受累静脉的部位、范围以及侧枝循环的建立情况等因素不同而常表现为头痛头晕、恶心呕吐、癫痫抽搐、意识与精神障碍、视乳头水肿、脑膜刺激征等[1]。症状多样且特异性不强,易误诊,影响预后。最近的诸多研究发现同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy)在多种血管性疾病中起重要作用,高同型半胱氨酸血症已被证实是心脑血管疾病及静脉栓塞性疾病的危险因素[2-3]。有学者从而认为不排除高同型半胱氨酸血症(hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy)也是脑静脉窦血栓形成的危险因素[4-6]。本文通过分析31例CVST 患者的病因及血浆Hcy水平,探讨CVST与Hcy的关系以及HHcy与CVST预后的关系。
2010年7月至2016年7月我院收治的CVST患者31例,男11例,女20例;年龄18~65岁,平均(36.1±10.7)岁。诊断标准:依据2011年美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会制定的CVST诊断和管理指南[7],所有患者均行CT、MRI及MRV检查(其中11例同时行DSA检查)明确诊断。临床症状:头晕头痛2例(6.45%),恶心呕吐18例(58.10%),脑膜刺激征5例(16.10%),抽搐4例(12.90%),视乳头水肿2例(6.45%),烦躁1例(3.22%),嗜睡1例(3.22%)肢体活动障碍2例(6.45%)。所有患者入院后均予脱水降颅压及改善循环治疗。确诊患者均予皮下注射低分子肝素5000 U,2次/d,7 d后改华法林口服。同时积极查找病因并给予相应治疗,经治疗后仅1例病情加重后自动出院,其余患者均好转出院。选取性别、年龄匹配的门诊体检健康人群30例为对照组,男11例,女19例,年龄16~62岁,平均(35.3±9.5)岁。严重肝肾功能障碍及检查前服用叶酸、B族维生素的人群均排除在外。
1.药品与试剂:患者及健康对照组均在清晨空腹采静脉血检测Hcy、叶酸、维生素B12指标。Hcy于空腹抽血分离血浆后立即检测,应用日立7170S生化分析仪,检测方法为循环酶法,所用试剂由德赛诊断系统上海有限公司提供,正常值<15 μmol/L。其他指标均由自动生化分析仪检测完成。
2.神经功能缺损评估:将31例CVST患者依血Hcy检查结果,分为高Hcy组(Hcy>15 μmol/L) 19例及正常Hcy组12例,根据美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS)评分标准,分别评定不同分组患者入院和住院2 w时的神经功能缺损,比较两组患者的病情和预后﹝预后指标:好转率=(入院时神经功能缺损评分-住院2 w时神经功能缺损评分)/入院神经功能缺损评分﹞。
CVST组中Hcy显著高于对照组,而叶酸,维生素B12均显著低于对照组(P<0.05,表1)。
两组入院时神经功能缺损NIHSS评分比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),好转率高Hcy血症组显著低于正常Hcy组(P<0.05,表2、3)。
GroupAge(years)Male(%)Hcy(μmol/L)Folicacid(ng/mL)VitaminB12(pg/mL) Blankcontrolgroup35.3±9.511(36.7)12.65±5.607.12±2.14383.10±168.62 CVSTgroup36.1±10.711(35.5)20.70±9.50a4.51±3.26a296.51±134.72a
aP<0.05,vsblank control group.
表2 高Hcy组病例NIHSS评分
Tab 2 The NIHSS score of the high Hcy group
InstructionsScaledefinition1d2w 1a.LOC(levelofconsciousness)0=alertandresponsive;1=arousabletominorstimulation;2=arousableonlytopainfulstimula-tion;3=reflexreponsesorunarousable1.3±0.90.9±0.8 1b.LOCquestions0=answerstwoquestionscorrectly;1=answersonequestioncorrectly;2=answersneitherquestioncorrect-ly0.5±0.90.4±0.9 1c.LOCcommands0=performsbothtaskscorrectly;1=performsonetaskcorrectly;2=performsneithertaskcor-rectly0.8±0.90.5±0.7 2Bestgaze0=norma;1=partialgazepalsy;2=forcedeyedeviationortotalparesiswhichcannotbeovercomebyDoll's0.1±0.30.1±0.4 3.Visual0=novisualloss;1=partialhemianopia;2=completehemianopia;3=bilateralhemianopiaorblindness0.1±0.40.1±0.4 4.Facialpalsy0=normal;1=minorparalysis;2=partialparaly-sis;3=completeparalysisofoneorbothsides0.1±0.50.1±0.3 5.Motorarm(5a:leftarm;5b:rightarm)0=nodrift,limbholds90degreesforfull10seconds;1=drift,limbholds90degrees,butdriftsdownbeforefull10seconds;doesnothitbedorothersupport;2=someeffortagainstgrav-ity,limbcannotgettoormaintain90degrees,driftsdowntobed,buthassomeeffortagainstgravity;3=noeffortagainstgravity,limbfalls;4=nomovement;9=amputation,jointfu-sion0.4±0.60.3±0.7 6.Motorleg(6a:leftleg;6b:rightleg)0=nodrift,legholds30degreespositionforfull5seconds;1=drift,legfallsbytheendofthe5secondperiodbutdoesnothitbed;2=someeffortagainstgravity;legfallstobedby5seconds,buthassomeeffortagainstgravity;3=noefforta-gainstgravity,legfallstobedimmediately;4=nomovement;9=amputation,jointfusion0.4±0.70.3±0.6 7.Limbataxia0=absent;1=presentinonelimb;2=presentintwolimbs0.1±0.50.1±0.5 8.Sensory0=normal;1=mildtomoderatesensoryloss;2=severetototalsensoryloss0.3±0.70.3±0.4 9.Bestlanguage0=noaphasia;1=mildtomoderateaphasia;2=severeaphasia;3=mute,globalaphasia0.2±0.40.2±0.7 10.Dysarthria0=normal;1=mildtomoderate;2=severe;9=intubatedorotherphysicalbarrier0.2±0.50.1±0.6 11.Ignore0=normal;1=visual,touching,listening,spaceorpersonalignore;2=seriouspartialbodyignore0.2±0.60.2±0.4 Totalscores4.74±2.703.58±3.10
GroupnFirstNIHSSscoreImprovementrate NormalHcygroup124.30±2.980.47±0.31 HighHcygroup194.74±2.700.24±0.42a
aP<0.05,vsnormal Hcy group.
CVST是缺血性脑血管病的一种少见类型,占全部脑卒中0.5%~3.0%[8],文献报道每年脑静脉窦血栓形成的发病率为3/100万~4/100万[9]。其死亡率较高,病因复杂,早期确诊,及时治疗能够显著改善预后。
引起脑静脉窦血栓疾病可分为非感染性与感染性两大类,前者多为颅脑外伤、严重贫血、消耗性疾病、妊娠、高凝状态、严重脱水等原因。后者多继发于头面部感染及化脓性脑膜炎、脑脓肿、败血症等。有研究发现CVST患者常伴有继发性或遗传性易栓症,各种原因的易栓症是导致CVST的重要原因[10],如因子V Leiden基因、凝血酶原G20210A基因的突变,抗磷脂抗体综合征及高同型半胱氨酸血症等。一项Meta分析表明HHcy可导致静脉血栓发生率的增加[5],Martinelli等[4]的研究说明高同型半胱氨酸血症可导致脑静脉血栓形成的风险增加大约4倍。
Hcy是蛋氨酸代谢的中间产物,对人体内同型半胱氨酸水平的影响因素有遗传因素、饮食营养缺乏、年龄与性别、肾功能损伤及药物等。血Hcy水平与饮食有着密切关系,饮食中摄入叶酸、维生素B12和维生素B6越少,其Hcy的浓度就越高。
本研究通过对脑静脉窦血栓患者的病例-对照研究,观察对象入院Hcy等指标,以及NIHSS评分等预后评估指标。通过结果我们发现,CVST组与对照组之间年龄、性别均无显著性差异,但CVST组血Hcy水平较对照组显著升高,提示高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑静脉窦血栓的发病之间有着密切的联系,可能是脑静脉窦血栓形成的重要危险因素。
高Hcy通过破坏血管内皮、促进血小板聚集、凝血因子V活性增加、凝血酶原激活及抑制组织纤溶酶原激活物与内皮细胞的结合等途径导致静脉血栓的形成[11]。CVST患者中高Hcy组与正常Hcy组相比较,两组入院时神经功能缺损NIHSS评分无显著差异,治疗方法相同,但好转率高Hcy血症组显著低于正常Hcy组,提示高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑静脉窦血栓的预后不佳有关。这可能与高Hcy可致患者脑内小动脉广泛受损,侧支循环不佳,不利于神经功能恢复。
尽管,由于CVST发病率较低,对于Hcy与CVST之间的关系仍有待大样本研究及长期随访,但临床医生对于高Hcy患者,应考虑有CVST可能。在CVST治疗中对于伴有高Hcy者,均应通过补充维生素(如叶酸、维生素B12和维生素B6)减低血Hcy水平,利于改善预后。总之,高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑静脉窦血栓形成的危险因素,伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症的CVST患者预后不佳,因此对所有的CVST患者均应常规检测血Hcy水平,积极干预Hcy具有重要的临床意义。
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Therelationshipbetweentheplasmahomocysteinelevelsandtheprognosisofcerebralvenoussinusthrombosis
JIAZhuopeng,JINLin,CHEHongmin
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofXi'anMedicalUniversity,Xi'an710077, China
ObjectiveThe relationship between the plasma homocysteine levels and the prognosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis were discussed.MethodsThe blood homocysteine (Hcy) data of 31 patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and 30 cases of healthy controls were collected. These CVST patients were divided into high Hcy and normal Hcy group and the neural function defects were evaluated. The blood Hcy levels of different groups were compared, and the effect of Hcy on the prognosis of patients with CVST was analyzed.ResultsHcy level in CVST group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and while the levels of folic acid and vitamin B12were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.01); compared with normal Hcy group, the prognosis of high Hcy group was poorer than that of the normal Hcy group (P<0.05).ConclusionHigh homocysteine level is a risk factor for the cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. The patients with CVST complicated by high homocysteine levels have the poor prognosis.
Homocysteine; Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; Risk factors; Prognosis
1671-2897(2017)16-225-04
贾卓鹏,硕士研究生,主治医师,E-mail: kenny19781004@163.com
*通讯作者: 贾卓鹏,硕士研究生,主治医师,E-mail: kenny19781004@163.com
R 651
A
2016-09-16;
2016-11-10)