血清NGAL和胱抑素C检测在造影剂肾病早期诊断中的价值

2017-12-18 06:10王道洋关艳春黄玉萍马续祥周玉叶纵晓英
临床荟萃 2017年12期
关键词:蚌埠造影剂敏感度

王道洋,关艳春,黄玉萍,马续祥,周玉叶,李 莹,纵晓英

(1.蚌埠医学院第二附属医院 肾内科,安徽 蚌埠 233040;2.蚌埠医学院第一附属医院 儿科,安徽 蚌埠 233000)

·论著·

血清NGAL和胱抑素C检测在造影剂肾病早期诊断中的价值

王道洋1,关艳春2,黄玉萍1,马续祥1,周玉叶1,李 莹1,纵晓英1

(1.蚌埠医学院第二附属医院 肾内科,安徽 蚌埠 233040;2.蚌埠医学院第一附属医院 儿科,安徽 蚌埠 233000)

目的观察经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质转运蛋白(NGAL)和胱抑素C(Cys-C)水平变化,探讨二者在造影剂肾病(CIN)早期诊断中的价值。方法选择冠心病支架置入术患者114例,以术后发生CIN患者12例为CIN组,以未发生CIN患者102例为非CIN组,测定两组患者手术前后血肌酐(SCr)、Cys-C、 NGAL水平,并通过ROC曲线下面积(AUC)评估血清NGAL及Cys-C对早期CIN诊断的敏感度。结果CIN组血清NGAL在术后6小时开始上升(P=0.01),CIN组血清Cys-C在术后12小时开始上升(P<0.01)。CIN组术后12小时、24小时及48小时血NGAL和Cys-C高于非CIN组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但CIN组术后6小时SCr及Cys-C水平不高于非CIN组,差异无统计学意义(P=0.46,P=0.67)。术后6小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.81,0.75,0.57;术后12小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.89,0.83,0.8;术后24小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.88,0.86,0.85;术后48小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.77,0.7,0.88。结论冠心病支架置入术患者术后血清NGAL、Cys-C水平能较早反应肾功能变化,为CIN的早期诊断提供一定依据。

肾病;造影剂;中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质转运蛋白;胱抑素C

随着现在医学快速发展,介入技术已广泛应用于疾病的诊断及治疗,但由此而引起的造影剂肾病(contrast induced nephropathy,CIN)也随之增加,研究显示CIN所致的急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)占总数的11%,已经成为医源性AKI的第三大原因。目前主要依靠患者血肌酐(SCr)水平及患者尿量情况来诊断CIN,但SCr对于早期CIN诊断的敏感度及特异度低。因此如何早期诊断CIN显得尤为重要。研究证实血中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质转运蛋白(NGAL)和胱抑素C(Cystatin C, Cys-C)在早期AKI诊断中优于传统的SCr[1-4]。本文通过检测经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)术后患者血NGAL和Cys-C水平,探讨其在CIN早期诊断中的价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1病例选择 收集2016年3月至2017年3月蚌埠医学院第二附属医院接受PCI术患者114例,其中男58例,女56例,年龄(61.1±6.4)岁,患者均符合冠心病的诊断标准及冠状动脉支架置入术的指征。排除标准:①存在肾前性、肾性及肾后性梗阻等病因所致的AKI;②术前2周使用肾毒性药物或造影剂;③重度心力衰竭或其他脏器衰竭;④急性心肌梗死;⑤急性感染。CIN为血管内注射含碘造影剂后72小时内,在排除其他病因的前提下,SCr水平升高0.5 mg/dl(44 μmol/L)或较基础值升高25%。收集患者姓名、性别、年龄、基础病、造影剂剂量和实验室检查。全部研究对象均签署知情同意书,本研究经蚌埠医学院伦理委员会审议通过。

1.2研究方法

1.2.1主要试剂和仪器 生化仪器为日立全自动生化分析仪HITACHI7080,NGAL采用 ELISA 方法检测,试剂来源:北京热景生物技术有限公司,Cys-C采用免疫速率散射比浊法,试剂来源:安徽大千生物工程有限公司;SCr采用苦味酸速率法,试剂来源:安徽大千生物工程有限公司。

1.2.2标本收集 所有受试对象均采集静脉血5 ml,置于含EDTA抗凝管中,以4 000 r/min离心10分钟,取1.5 ml血清置于无菌EP管中,做好标记后存储于-80 ℃冰箱,以备集中检测,避免反复冻融。

1.2.3标本检测 血清NGAL水平用ELISA方法检测,实验步骤按试剂说明书进行操作,根据所检测标本的吸光度值计算出各个标本相应的NGAL水平。

2 结 果

2.1临床资料 114例患者中12例发生CIN,发病率10.5%,男7例,女5例,年龄(63.2±5.8)岁;其中高血压4例,糖尿病6例,高脂血症2例。收集患者的性别,年龄,基础病,造影剂剂量及住院天数。CIN组基础病中糖尿病多见,住院时间更长;两组高血压、高脂血症、造影剂剂量、入院时SCr、NGAL及CysC差异均无统计学意义。见表1。

表1 两组一般临床资料比较

2.2PCI术后CIN与非CIN组不同时间点SCr,NGAL及Cys-C变化 与非CIN组相比,CIN组血清NGAL在术后6小时开始上升,CIN组血清Cys-C在术后12小时开始上升,术后12~24小时达到最高,术后48小时血NGAL和Cys-C开始下降。CIN组术后12小时、24小时及48小时血NGAL和Cys-C高于非CIN组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但CIN组术后6小时SCr水平及Cys-C不高于非CIN组,差异无统计学意义(P=0.46,P=0.67)。见表2。

表2 两组手术前后不同时间点SCr、NGAL和Cys-C水平比较

组别例数CysC(mg/L)0h6h12h24h48hCIN组 120.95±0.151.25±0.171.95±1.092.01±1.101.23±0.08非CIN组1020.97±0.231.04±0.231.01±0.261.04±0.231.03±0.26组间F=121.682 P=0.000时点间F=24.814 P=0.000组间·时点间F=22.398 P=0.000

2.3PCI术后不同时间点血清NGAL、Cys-C及肌酐的ROC曲线下面积(AUC) 为判断PCI术后不同时间点血清NGAL、Cys-C及SCr对CIN诊断的敏感度及特异度,以CIN患者的检测结果为分界点,分别计算出PCI术后不同时间点血清NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC。术后6小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.81,0.75,0.57;术后12小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.89,0.83,0.8;术后24小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.88,0.86,0.85;术后48小时NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC分别为0.77,0.7,0.88;PCI术后6小时,12小时,24小时血清NGAL、Cys-C的AUC值比SCr的AUC值大,48小时后PCI术后血清NGAL、Cys-C的AUC值比SCr的AUC值小。根据MedCalc 11.5.1.0对不同时间点ROC曲线进行分析,NGAL在术后12小时,24小时两个时间点的特异度和敏感度最高。见表3。

表3 PCI术后不同时间点血清NGAL、Cys-C及SCr的AUC

注:术后6小时SCr与NGAL的 ROC曲线对比差异有统计学意义(P=0.040);SCr与CysC、CysC与NGAL的 ROC曲线对比差异无统计学意义(P=0.066,P=0.690);术后12小时SCr与NGAL;SCr与CysC、CysC与NGAL的 ROC曲线对比差异无统计学意义(P=0.286,P=0.609,P=0.396);术后24小时SCr与NGAL;SCr与CysC、CysC与NGAL的 ROC曲线对比差异无统计学意义(P=0.750,P=0.991,P=0.752);术后48小时SCr与CysC的 ROC曲线对比差异有统计学意义(P=0.0199);SCr与NGAL、CysC与NGAL的 ROC曲线对比差异无统计学意义(P=0.146,P=0.499)

3 讨 论

临床诊断CIN主要依靠SCr水平变化,但SCr的敏感度差无法对早期CIN做出诊断,寻找能够诊断早期CIN的生物标记物显得尤为重要。NGAL作为脂质运载蛋白家族成员之一,广泛分布于机体各组织,如支气管、胃肠、肾小管等。NGAL可诱导肾脏祖细胞向肾小管上皮细胞分化,以修复、再生受损的肾小管上皮细胞,当肾小管受损时血中NGAL水平升高促进肾小管修复和再生。 在AKI患者中证实血清中NGAL水平显著升高,并随肾功能恢复后又下降至正常,这些研究显示血清NGAL水平能够作为AKI早期诊断标记物[5-7]。CIN已成为院内获得性AKI常见病因之一,NGAL能否应用于CIN的早期诊断?研究发现在CIN鼠模型血和组织中NGAL在CIN发生2小时后升高,而SCr则在48后才升高[8];儿童CIN患者在造影剂应用2小时后,血清中NGAL即出现升高,而SCr则在12~24小时才出现升高。有研究显示发生CIN患者术后8小时即可出现NGAL升高,而SCr则在术后24小时升高,ROC曲线显示血和尿NGAL敏感度和特异度均较高分别达0.995,0.992[9]。多个系统评价显示血清或尿液中NGAL水平对CIN早期诊断的特异度及敏感度均较高[10-11]。研究发现与对照组相比,CIN组NGAL在介入手术后6小时开始升高[12]。Filiopoulos 等[13]研究发现在医院CT造影所致的CIN中,血浆NGAL在造影后6小时开始升高。以上这些研究显示血清NGAL较SCr诊断早期CIN更为敏感。本研究亦证实与非CIN组相比,CIN组血清NGAL在术后6小时开始上升,CIN组血Cys-C在术后12小时开始上升,二者术后12~24小时达到最高,术后48小时后血NGAL和Cys-C开始下降;CIN组术后6小时SCr上升不明显。

CysC是一种相对分子质量为13 300的碱性非糖化蛋白质,能自由通过肾小球滤过膜,肾小管不分泌CysC,在近曲小管重吸收和降解,不再重回血液,因此通过检测Cys-C水平判断肾小球及肾小管损伤情况。临床研究和荟萃分析证实血清CysC在急、慢性肾功能损伤都具有良好的灵敏性和特异度[14-17]。目前Cys-C已应用于临床,用急慢性肾功能衰竭的早期诊断。但Cys-C对早期CIN的诊断存在争议。有研究显示Cys-C升高超过基础值5%,对CIN长期不良预后有良好的预测作用[18]。儿童CIN研究中发现应用造影剂后6小时先出现血NGAL水平升高,24小时后才出现Cys-C上升,因此在使用造影剂后的第1个24小时内血NGAL和Cys-C均是升高的[19]。国内学者研究发现接受PCI术患者血清Cys-C水平升高对早期CIN的诊断有良好的预测价值[20]。Alharazy等[2]研究发现血清NGAL和Cys-C比SCr提前24小时诊断早期CIN。但Cecchi等[21]研究发现老年患者PCI术后血清和尿液中NGAL水平未见明显升高,反而是Cys-C明显升高。本研究显示PCI术后6小时,12小时,24小时血清NGAL、Cys-C的AUC均是最大的,因此,Cys-C是早期诊断CIN的较好指标,但术后48小时血Cys-C水平下降比较快。

综上所述,通过对血NGAL、Cys-C的检测为CIN的早期诊断提供一定依据,尤其是NGAL与CysC等标志物联合检测,可提高诊断的特异度及敏感度。但考虑CIN的发生受到原发病、年龄、造影剂用量等因素影响,本研究样本量不够大且为单中心研究,需要扩大样本量进一步探讨血NGAL及Cys-C在CIN早期诊断中的作用。

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PredictivevalueofserumneutrophilgelationaseassociatedlipocalinandCys-Cinearlydiagnosisofcontrastinducednephropathy

Wang Daoyang1,Guan Yanchun2, Huang Yuping1, Ma Xuxiang1, Zhou Yuye1, Li Ying1, Zong Xiaoying1

1.DepartmentofNephropathy,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofBengbuMedicalCollege,Bengbu233040,China;2.DepartmentofPedidtrics,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofBengbuMedicalCollege,Bengbu233000,China

ZongXiaoying,Email:zhangzongshuomw@163.com

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of combined detection of serum neutrophil gelationase associated lipocalin(NGAL) and Cystatin C(Cys-C)in predicting the contrast induced nephropathy(CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention.MethodsA total of 114 patients with suspected coronary heart disease underwent PCI were included. The patients were divided into two groups: CIN (12 cases) and non-CIN (102 cases). The level of SCr, CysC and NGAL were measured before and after operation. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess the sensitivity of NGAL and Cys-C in early diagnosis of CIN.ResultsThe serum NGAL of CIN was significantly higher than that of non-CIN at 6 hours after operation(P=0.01). The serum Cys-C of CIN was significantly higher than that of non-CIN at 12 hours after operation (P<0.01). The serum NGAL and Cys-C of CIN were significantly higher than those of non-CIN at 12 hours,24 hours,48 hours after operation(P<0.01). However, the serum SCr and Cys-C of CIN were not significantly higher than those of non-CIN at 6 hours after operation(P=0.46,P=0.67). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of NGAL,Cys-C and SCr were 0.81,0.75 and 0.57 at 6 hours after operation. The AUC of NGAL,Cys-C and SCr were 0.89,0.83 and 0.8 at 12 hours after operation. The AUC of NGAL,Cys-C and SCr were 0.88,0.86 and 0.85 at 24 hours after operation. The AUC of NGAL,Cys-C and SCr were 0.77,0.7 and 0.88 at 48 hours after operation.ConclusionFor patients with coronary heart disease after PCI, serum NGAL and Cys-C levels can early reflect the kidney function and give an early prediction of CIN.

nephrosis; contrast media; neutrophil gelationase associated lipocalin; cystatin C

蚌埠医学院科技发展基金自然重点项目(Bykf13A21)

纵晓英,Email: zhangzongshuomw@163.com

R692

A

1004-583X(2017)12-1061-04

10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2017.12.011

2017-10-11 编辑:张卫国

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