王舒
哈德逊河是美国纽约州境内一条全长约507千米的河流。河的这一侧是纽约,另一侧就是新泽西州。多年前,一位叫托比·米切莱纳(Toby Michelena)的美国人就沿着新泽西州的这一侧沿岸,从事了长达4年半的水质分析。他不曾想到多年后,会在千里之外的中国浙江温瑞塘河上,为温州的“母亲河”治水。
托比·米切莱纳是温州肯恩大学生物学讲师。去年,他发起了温瑞塘河生态修复项目,通过取样分析,建立了塘河完整的生态数据模型,为政府寻找治水方法提供依据。
受邀为温瑞塘河治理出谋划策
2015年8月,怀着对东亚文化的热爱,在美国肯恩大学任教的托比来到温州,在温州肯恩大学教授生物学、环境科学等课程。
托比是美国纽约州特洛伊的伦斯勒理工学院生物学博士。在成为教师之前,一直从事环境保护领域,主攻石油、水等能源清洁处理方向,对水环境整治特别关注。对托比而言,来到温州,注意到贯穿整个城区的温瑞塘河,是再自然不过的事情。温州肯恩大学位于瓯海区丽岙街道,温瑞塘河就从这附近穿过。课余,托比常常沿塘河骑自行车到南塘街喝咖啡。
温瑞塘河是温州的母亲河。从古至今,两岸的居民依靠温瑞塘河获取生活用水以及食物,发展河道运输和农业灌溉。但是,随着经济的高速发展,近年来温瑞塘河水系以及当地其他水道受到来自地表径流、农业、市政以及工业污水的严重污染。越来越多的人意识到塘河污染的严重性,百姓对污水治理的关注和热情也日渐高涨。
“在河边骑自行车的时候,我都会观察这条河流及周边环境,观察附近居民是如何依赖这条河流生活生产。”在和当地人交流后,托比慢慢了解到,温瑞塘河在温州历史文化上占了非常重要的位置,既然是母亲河,就应该尤为珍视更加呵护。
出于对塘河的关注,也是从自身水质研究专业出发,托比第一时间加入了这场治水大战役。他多次作为专家代表,受邀参加由温州市温瑞塘河管理委员会发起的治水课题讨论,为温州治水出谋划策。
去年12月起,托比带领温州肯恩大学的4名学生和3名工作人员,发起了温瑞塘河的生态修复项目。项目主要目的是为了更好地了解河流和河流中的生物,通过取样,了解整个塘河的生态系统,建立塘河的数据模型,进而去分析污染对河流的影响,对如何最好地保护河流作出更好的决策。
2016年底,由托比主持的《温瑞塘河综合整治成效评估研究》被列入“2016年温州市水体污染控制与治理科技创新项目”和“2016年温州市公益性科技计划项目”,获得了市级财政资助15万元。
坐着船儿去河面上采集样本
近几个月来,生活在塘河两畔的市民时常会见到一张满头白发的洋面孔。坐着游艇,拎着专业仪器和塑料桶,在河面上采集样本……这是托比和他的团队在温瑞塘河上采样。
托比的团队选取了温瑞塘河茶山到汇昌的一段18公里的水域,按照用地性质、污染来源等情况筛选出6个采集点,每月进行一次水样采集,计划用一年时间采集河流样本进行研究。“对我来说,每次在河面上的工作是最快乐的。”在托比看来,在游艇上看着塘河,让他切切实实地感受到自己正在为了保护塘河,为了帮助它变得干净而努力着。
周而复始,看似循环枯燥的工作,每一次都让他们有新的发现。
4月19日,笔者来到了温州肯恩大学的生物实验室。实验室的一侧,堆放着十余个塑料箱,里面装着两天前刚从塘河收集回来的样本。每次采样回来,托比和团队就要对所取的每个样本进行过滤、分离、化验、分析……全部完成要经过1000多个步骤。“情况并不乐观。这次的河水呈现的颜色很深,这是之前从没碰到过的。”托比向笔者一边展示刚刚沉淀、过滤后的水质样本,一边解释:“干净的水质,应该是透明无色的,而这次颜色不仅特别深,其中几个点还出现了不知名的绿色物质。”对于河水的这种变化,还要经过进一步的化验,才能知道原因。
“干净的河流,生态分布均匀、水生植物丰富。但我们在塘河里却没有发现丰富的生物群体存在。特别是在河水和泥土接触的河床区域。水中微生物大多以水生植物为食,目前已采水样显示,温瑞塘河中这类水生植物非常少。”托比推测,这一变化很有可能是因为塘河内的食物链发生了变化。
当然,也有意外的发现。某一天他们在某个点的采样中发现河床有许多蜗牛。而他们也发现,不同采集点,因为周边环境不同,水质情况也有很大不同,比如南塘河区域因为周边商业发达,水质污染比其他采集点更加严重。
“河水受到周围环境、当天天气等影响,有许多不确定因素。”托比告诉笔者,通過每个月的水样和淤泥采集,对水体中的各种动植物鉴别和分析,逐步摸清温瑞塘河中动植物食物链的关系,从而建立详细的温瑞塘水系营养结构,正是他们现阶段在做的工作。
“只有了解塘河的现状,才能在将来对症下药治理。”托比说。
研究治水规律让更多河流受益
“学校实验室要在节假日和寒暑假关闭,但托比主动要求加班,学校特别批准了。而我每次来,他都在。”温州肯恩大学生物老师田雪晨是托比团队中的一员。他由衷佩服托比的敬业精神。而对于年轻的团队成员周璇来说,塘河治水项目的领头人是个老外,更让作为温州人的她,觉得自己必须努力。
在温州两年,通过和塘河的一次次亲密接触,托比觉得自己更快速地融入了温州的生活。他将自己当作温州新的一员,用自己的热情和知识,找出塘河被污染的原因,确定治理方式,提出治理目标,他很自豪能参与其中。他说:“我爱温州,温瑞塘河就像哈德逊河一样,都是我的母亲河。我会尽己所能,让温州变得更美。”2016年,托比本人荣获了温州市2016年度“雁荡友谊奖”。这一奖项是为在温州经济贸易、文化教育、科技卫生等领域中作出突出贡献的外国专家设立的荣誉奖项。
在美國期间,托比对哈德逊河的水质研究,以分析政府经济政策改变对河流水质产生的影响,为当地提出了一系列整治措施建议。在对温瑞塘河的研究过程中,托比对于塘河治理也提出了自己的观点和建议。“塘河污水治理已经到了刻不容缓的地步。有时候通过一些简单的方式,就可以很大程度改善水质。”他建议,可以通过科普教育,告诉人们生活用水对水质的影响,告诉市民如何妥善管理家庭生活污水、修理店里排出的油污,确保它们不进入河流。“另外,对于塘河整治,更需确保对岸上垃圾的妥善处理,不能丢在河里或地面上,政府有关部门也应该加强管理,确保不会有额外的污染物进入河流。还有许多其他复杂的问题,如化肥,农药和可能影响河流的其它污染源。所有这些都需要进行评估和理解,以便真正地修复河流。”
今年2月,时任浙江省委书记夏宝龙到访温州肯恩大学。在参观学校生物实验室时,夏宝龙得知托比正在研究温瑞塘河治污后非常高兴,对托比说:“这个很适用于浙江省的五水共治。你要加快研究进度,如果能取得成效,我要好好奖励你。”
这正是托比所希望的,将塘河污水研究的成果从温州推广至浙江乃至全国。“尽管这一项目开发的模型是专门针对温瑞塘河水系环境建立的。但可以通过对温瑞塘河的治理研究,开发出稳健的、可以在浙江省乃至全国范围的其他河流系统中使用的模型,让更多的河流受益。”
(本文图片摄影:陈彤彤)
Toby Michelena, while working at Kean University, USA, spent over four years analyzing water samples obtained from New Jersey side of the 507-km Hudson River flowing between New York and New Jersey. His analyses provided data for environmental protection of Hudson River. Before he became a teacher, he had engaged in environmental protection projects designed to wastewater treatment.
In August 2015, Toby Michelena came to teach biology and environmental science at Kean University-Wenzhou, an education joint-venture between Wenzhou and Kean University. It came into full operation in 2014.
The 1,178-km Wenrui River is the mother river of Wenzhou. It provides the drinking water for millions of people along the river. However, the river is polluted by wastewater discharged by commerce, agriculture, civil service projects, and industry.
In December, 2016, Toby Michelena started a project which aims to restore the ecology of Wenrui River. Under his leadership are four students and three faculty members. The project aims to study the river and the flora and fauna living in the river on the basis of water samples obtained throughout the river system.
Before the project, Toby Michelena had attended several seminars at the invitation of the water-controlling authorities of Wenzhou.
Shortly after its inception, the project got listed as a key research project and government funds came in.
Since the project started, Toby has become a familiar sight on the river. Local residents often see a silver-haired foreigner riding a motorboat, with plastic boxes and instruments. The team has selected an 18-km section of the river for taking monthly samples from six sampling points. The six spots were chosen in consideration of pollution sources and land uses.
I went to visit Toby at the biology laboratory on the campus on April 19, 2017. Toby and his colleagues were analyzing the latest samples. The analysis is a time-consuming procedure of over 1,000 steps. “The situation isnt optimistic,” Toby explained to me. “The river was tinted with substances in dark colors, which we have never encountered before.” At that time, what was in the water sample remained unknown. A clean river should have a good ecology with a great abundance of aquatic plants, especially in the riverbed where water and soil meet. The samples indicated the river didnt have an adequate number of aquatic plants. Toby conjectured that there had been some changes in rivers food chain.
There have been some unexpected discoveries. One day, they found quite a few snails in the riverbed at one sampling spot. “The river is affected by many factors,” said Toby to me. “Sample studies can throw light on the food chains of the flora and fauna of the river. At present, we are trying to understand the river so that effective solutions can be formulated.”
Toby says he feels happy whenever riding on the river because the ride gives him a sense of relevance and participation. He has adopted Wenzhou as his home and he considers Wenrui River as his mother river like Hudson River. In 2016, he was awarded Yandang Friendship Award, a government honor for foreigners who contribute to the social and economic prosperity of Wenzhou.
Toby is highly concerned with Wenrui River. Though it takes time to exterminate all pollution from the river, some simple measures, however, can greatly improve the ecology of the river. Public awareness should be enhanced so that people will know that their everyday life affects the river, and that they need to reduce the discharge of wastewater into the river. Other issues should be considered: wastes should stay on the land and should be processed appropriately. Government should make sure no additional pollutants get into the river. Chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other pollution sources should be assessed.
In February 2017, Xia Baolong, then chief of CPC Zhejiang Committee, visited Toby at the laboratory on the campus. After learning about the details of Tobys project, Xia was very happy to say, “This project is suitable for the water project Zhejiang has been doing for years. I would give you a big award if you can accelerate your study and get positive results.” This is exactly what Toby expects. If successful, the project his team is undertaking can be applied across the province and beyond. Though the model was originally developed for Wenrui River, it can serve as a prototypical model for studies in other places.