徐忠友
初夏时节,笔者慕名采访了海宁中学八十高龄的退休教师、徐志摩研究专家、浙江省作协会员顾永棣老先生,听他讲述了40多年来为徐志摩编书立传的感人故事。
与徐志摩是没有见过面的老乡
1935年农历正月初十,顾永棣出生在浙江省海宁县(现为市)硖石镇一个文化商人家庭里。顾永棣的父亲顾漱芳,经营着杭州、上海、南京、北平一带编印的《申报》《京报》等报纸发行业务,并办过茧厂、绢厂等企业,是海宁一带知名的实业家。
徐志摩的父亲徐申如(1872—1944)是清末至民国时期的企业家。徐氏世代经商,早年继承祖业独资经营徐裕丰酱园,1897年合股创办硖石第一家钱庄——裕通钱庄,接着又开设人和绸布号,并与沈佐宸等人集资建成硖石电灯公司。他先后任硖石商会总理、会长、主席近20年。
顾、徐两家是海宁的大家族,早在1908年顾漱芳与徐申如曾共同投资沪杭铁路,享誉浙沪。他俩关系要好,常有来往走动。顾永棣七八岁时随父亲去徐府喝茶时,曾见过徐申如几面。他记得徐申如颇有长者风范,因常做慈善事业,颇受人尊敬。
顾永棣并未见过大诗人徐志摩。1935年春他出生前,徐志摩已于1931年11月去世了。但顾、徐两家关系亲密,早年徐志摩出版了诗集,徐申如收到后,就会送一本给好友顾漱芳欣赏。其中徐申如曾将1925年由中华书局出版的徐志摩第一本诗集《志摩诗集》送给顾漱芳,还指着扉页上的“献给爸爸”题字说:“志摩敲我竹杠,这上面4个字我就掏了大洋800块。”因此,顾家所存上世纪20年代版的《志摩诗集》《翡冷翠的一夜》等,都是徐家所赠。
顾永棣渐渐长大后,从父亲、同乡那里和一些书报上了解到徐志摩的一些情况。虽然顾永棣从没有见过徐志摩,但他较早读过徐申如伯伯赠送的《志摩诗集》《翡冷翠的一夜》等作品,对徐志摩的形象和作品颇有好感。因此,在他的心中早就有了一个崇敬的偶像:那就是同乡的大诗人徐志摩。
寻访徐志摩失散的诗篇
顾永棣在海宁上了小学和中学,其间便爱上文学。14岁那年,他就在发行量很大的上海报纸《新闻报》发表了短文,这在同学们眼中是一件让人羡慕的事。
从海宁中学毕业后,顾永棣考进了中国地质大学地球物理探矿专业。1956年春调到四川做地质工作,并在那里找到了生命的另一半,建立了一个幸福的家庭。他先后在四川、云南一带深山野岭中辗转了十多年,为国家寻找矿藏。可爱好文学的他,地质包里还装着20年代版的《志摩诗集》《翡冷翠的一夜》和徐志摩的散文集,不时拿出来拜读,并在业余时间搞些文学创作。1959年,他在上海少年儿童出版社出版了一本“我爱祖国小丛书”《建设的尖兵》。
1974年早春,他告别了四川地质部门,带着全家人回到离别18年的故乡,在海宁中学当语文老师。
当时的中国正处在“文革”后期,人们还读不到徐志摩的诗文。一天,顾永棣在高中毕业班上语文课时,问他的学生“知道不知道徐志摩这位海宁籍的著名诗人?”班上一时无人作答,稍后才有个学生站起来答:“我知道,徐志摩是个‘反动的诗人!”这让顾永棣感到震惊:历史名人竟被扭曲成这样!
顾永棣陷入了深思。这也促使他下决心去研究徐志摩的人生和作品,让读者了解真实的徐志摩。在研究中他发现:1931年徐志摩罹难时刚34岁,徐志摩意外去世前,文学创作事业正如日中天,并没像有些上了年纪的老作家一样,将自己的作品收集齐全,出个全集作个人生的总结。他除了有几本集子外,大部分作品都散见于报刊上。1949年以后,徐志摩的事略与著述在台湾出版过,但在大陆几乎消失殆尽,所流行的诗句,就是“文革”中在批判文章中掐头去尾的那几行。因此,顾永棣想要做两件事:一是给徐志摩编书立传,二是给徐志摩正名。当时他的工资并不高,还要养家糊口,外出的费用也没处报销。但他咬咬牙还是利用寒暑假、星期天,自费去杭州、上海、南京、北京各大图书馆和徐志摩当年任教过的多所高等院校地毯式查阅许多报纸、杂志,访问徐志摩的同学、好友等相关人士,从中寻找徐志摩的轶事和佚诗佚文。
顾永棣探寻多年多地多人后发现:英年早逝的徐志摩,生前共留下了4部诗集,存诗仅137首,其他180多首诗却用了近10个笔名,分散发表在抗战以前的一些报刊上或书信日记里。特别是由于他的笔名较多,且在同一时期,还有不同作者用同一笔名的情况。要在当年高深的书山诗海里去“勘探”、“梳理”,工作量是巨大的,其难度也不小,还需要一双“火眼金睛”作鉴别。
虽然这些寻找过程非常艰辛,为了节省时间和费用,顾永棣常常吃干粮、喝凉水、住最便宜小旅馆,甚至躺在公园、校园的椅子上睡一夜,还常有空手而归的情况。但功夫不负有心人,经過他10年间像当年探宝一般的艰难寻访,先后在全国许多城市、乡村和学校寻访到与徐志摩有关的100多人,也寻访到不少徐志摩的佚诗佚文,他犹如为徐志摩找到了失散半个多世纪的“孩子”一样,高高兴兴地将它们领回了家。他听到有关徐志摩的一些轶闻趣事后,就当场记下来再将其整理成文,在人民出版社主办的《人物》月刊和杭州《西湖》文学杂志发表,让人们初步了解到一个真实的徐志摩,也让读者看到一些徐志摩的诗作,大大开阔了视野。
为徐志摩编书写传
初战告捷,顾永棣继续向原定为徐志摩编书立传的目标进军了。他为研究徐志摩先后花了大量心血和40多年时间,但这是值得的。
经过了顾永棣的不懈努力,1983年,由他编注的《徐志摩诗集》由浙江文艺出版社出版,这是1949年后大陆出版的第一本徐志摩诗集,一时好评如潮。
1987年,顾永棣又在《徐志摩诗集》的基础上,增加了一些新发现和整理出来的徐志摩诗作,由浙江文艺出版社出版了一部《徐志摩诗集》(全编),受到了书店和读者的喜爱。北京王府井大街的新华书店经理对他说:“这本书,有多少我们要多少”。后来,这本书获得了华东优秀图书一等奖、第二届全国图书金钥匙奖,并使徐志摩的诗集创下现当代诗歌发行量之最。
1988年夏天,顾永棣动手把自己花了10年时间、采访了100多人的素材,撰写成一本《徐志摩传》。他用3个半月写成的这部传记有20多万字。后来,四川文艺出版社在出版时将书名改为《风流诗人徐志摩》。该书出版后反响极大,随即被台湾有关出版社买走了版权,并于4年后在台湾出版。接着,又在欧美、日本和东南亚等国出版,一时出现“洛阳纸贵”般的局面。1991年,四川文艺出版社又出版了顾永棣编注的《徐志摩书信日记诗精选》,让读者对徐志摩有更深的了解。1992年,由顾永棣编注的《徐志摩诗全集》,经由上海文艺出版社出版,这是徐志摩最全的诗集,受到了诗人、评论家和许多读者的好评。
随着顾永棣年纪的增大,为徐志摩出一套全集,是他心中的一个夙愿。近年来,在女儿顾倩的配合下,父女俩又开始筹划出版《徐志摩全集》的工作。在浙江人民出版社和海寧市委宣传部的支持下,这套被称为徐志摩生前做梦也没想到能出得这么好的书,于2015年由浙江人民出版社正式出版了。新出版的《徐志摩全集》分为诗歌卷、散文卷、评论卷、小说戏剧卷、书信卷、日记卷6卷,有近300万字,是目前徐志摩作品收集最全、体量最大的版本。其中小说、戏剧卷由顾永棣和女儿顾倩合编。同时出版的还有顾永棣写的传记《徐志摩传奇》,原名是《风流诗人徐志摩》,这一次改名算是回归了作者的原意。
2015年浙江人民出版社出版的《徐志摩全集》中,除了有顾永棣几十年苦心收集、整理、考证得来的徐志摩作品之外,还收入了近年刚发现的与徐志摩相关的新材料。其中有1911年徐志摩离开故乡赴杭州求学写下的《府中日记》,还有1918年徐志摩赴美国留学写下的《留美日记》,这两本日记更是被劫到日本后失而复得。同时,书中还收入根据海宁虞坤林先生在国家图书馆发现的徐志摩妻子陆小曼手稿点校而成的《陆小曼未刊日记》。徐志摩的日记中有一特别部分就是徐志摩手写“一本没有颜色的书”,里面有胡适题诗、闻一多作画题诗、泰戈尔作画和用印度文写的诗,还有邵洵美、陈西滢、顾颉刚、林风眠、俞平伯、章士钊等文化名人的书法或绘画。因在1925年10月1日,徐志摩接替孙伏园当《晨报》副刊主编时,他约请的撰稿人多是当时著名作家、记者、学者等……可见他朋友是很多的。
采访结束前,笔者提出三个问题请顾老回答:一是人们最爱闲聊的徐志摩与三个女人间所谓的“风流事”是真是假?他回答说:“徐志摩与第一任妻子张幼仪是父母包办婚姻,也许张幼仪是爱徐志摩的,但徐志摩对张幼仪并没有爱情,所以婚后不久他就去北平读书了。徐志摩对林徽因是产生过爱情的,但林徽因是个很理智的女性。在她选择了梁思成后,徐志摩与她只保持好朋友关系并有分寸地交往,并没有去破坏林徽因与梁思成的夫妻关系。徐志摩与第二任妻子陆小曼是在与张幼仪离婚后彼此走到一起的。由于陆小曼平时生活花销很大,后来还抽上鸦片,为了维持这个家庭的高额开支,徐志摩分别在北京大学、光华大学、大夏大学和南京中央大学来回上课,平时还要文学创作,哪有时间和精力‘风流”。二是徐志摩对中国诗坛的贡献有多大?顾老回答说:“徐志摩挽救了中国的新诗。新文化运动后,中国诗人从原来写格律诗转向写新诗,许多人只是简单地用白话文来写诗,并没有真正掌握新诗的写作技巧,写出来的诗就像一杯白开水,无色无味,让人看后乏味。由于徐志摩在美国和英国留学时,接触到西方的诗人和诗歌,并且做到中西结合,他写出来的诗歌可以说意境美、语言美,读后回味无穷,所以很多诗人就从徐志摩的诗中学到了现代诗的表达方式和写作技巧,致使新诗渐渐繁荣起来。”三是对徐志摩有怎样的总体评价?顾老脱口而出:“徐志摩是诗人中的诗人,朋友中的朋友。徐志摩有爱,这不是一般的爱,是博爱、大爱,爱芸芸众生,爱天地万物。当今这个社会正缺少这种爱,所以我要用徐志摩的这些作品,把这份爱传递到每一个人的心坎上,让我们这个世界变得相亲相爱、更加美好!”
In early summer this year I visited the 80-year-old Gu Yongdi, a retired teacher of Haining Middle School, expert of Xu Zhimo, and member of Zhejiang Writers Association.
Over the past 40 some years, Gu Yongdi has put together a complete works of Xu Zhimo and written a biography of the poet. Xu Zhimo (1897-1931), one of the prominent poets of the 20th-century China, was a native of Haining, a city near Hangzhou in northeastern Zhejiang.
Gu Yongdi never met Xu Zhimo. He was born in 1935 and the poet died in a plane crash in 1931. However, the young boy visited the poets father Xu Shenru several times. His father Gu Shufang and the poets father were close friends and business partners.
The two families were important in Haining back then. The Xu family had been engaged in business for generations. The poets father was one of the founders of the first local bank in Haining and ran some other important businesses there. He served as the president of local chamber of commerce for nearly 20 years. The Gus was also a family of businessmen. The two families visited each other frequently. When the poet published a collection of poems, the father would send a copy to Gu Shufang. In Gu Yongdis private collection are several books of poems of Xu Zhimo published in the 1920s.
Gu Yongdi grew up in Haining and read Xu Zhimos poems from the homes library. He published a short essay in a newspaper in Shanghai at the age of 14. He studied geology in college and became a geologist after graduation. While he worked in the southwest of China for over ten years, he carried the family copies of Xu Zhimos poems and essays. He wrote some short literary pieces. In 1959 he published a book for children.
In 1974, he came back to Haining and became a middle school teacher. It was in a Chinese language class that he was shocked to find that the young generation didnt know about Xu Zhimo. He asked students if they knew anything about Xu Zhimo, a Haining native and poet. The class was uneasy and silent for a while before a student stood up and said boldly and dismissively what he knew: “Xu Zhimo was a counterrevolutionary poet!” Gu Yongdi was shocked by the distorted description.
He wondered why some students were under such a false impression. He reviewed Xu Zhimos history and career and concluded that few people in his time on the mainland knew anything substantial about the poet. Xus poems were mostly published in newspapers and literary magazines during his lifetime. He had only published a few collections of poems and essays. After 1949, the mainland published nothing about or of or by the poet. Only a few lines of his poems were mentioned in printed denunciations.
Gu Yongdi decided to do something about the poet. He wanted to write a biography of the poet and he wanted to bring Xus reputation back. He began to collect materials by visiting major libraries across the country and the colleges where the poet once taught. He also visited Xus friends and schoolmates to learn about Xu Zhimo and his works. All the trips and visits were out of his pocket. In order to save money, he stayed in the cheapest hotel rooms and sometimes slept outdoor on a bench in a park or on a school campus. For a decade, he interviewed over 100 people who had known Xu Zhimo personally. On the basis of the information he had collected, he concluded that Xu published 137 poems in four collections and that the rest of the poems, about 180, were published in newspapers and literary magazines in ten different pennames.
In 1983, Gu Yongdi put together , which was printed by Zhejiang Literature and Art Press. It was the first book of Xu Zhimo published on the mainland after 1949. The book received good reviews and caused a sensation among readers. In 1987, he published , printed and marketed by the same publisher. The edition was a bestseller. It won several top regional and national awards for publications.
In 1988, he published , which was published by Sichuan Literature and Art Press. A publisher in Taiwan bought the copyrights for publishing it in Taiwan. Four years later, the Taiwan edition came out. The book was also published in Japan, countries in Southeast Asia, Europe, and North America. In 1991, Sichuan Literature and Art Press published a collection of Xus diaries, letters and poems compiled by Gu. In 1992, Shanghai Literature and Art Press published compiled and annotated by Gu Yongdi. The book has the biggest number of poems by the poet.
On the basis of the publications, Gu Yongdi, in collaboration with his daughter Gu Qian, put together in 2015. The project was supported by Zhejiang Peoples Press and the Haining Municipal Government. The complete works include six volumes, respectively dedicated to the poets poems, essays, reviews, short stories and plays, letters, and diaries. , first printed in 1988, was reprinted in 2015, along with the complete works.