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[摘要]目的 观察比伐卢定在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊PCI治疗中的疗效和安全性。方法 随机选择2014年8月~2015年2月在我院急诊行PCI术的80例STEMI患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各40例。观察组在PCI期间应用比伐卢定抗凝治疗,对照组应用普通肝素治疗。观察两组的梗死相关动脉PCI术后即刻TIMI血流、TMPG分级,比较两组的心电图ST段回落、左室射血分数值、左室舒张末期内径及住院期间的主要心血管事件及出血和血小板减少发生率。结果 两组的TIMI血流分级、TMPG分级比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组的心电图ST段回落、30 d左室射血分数值、左室舒张末期内径优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的牙龈出血及血尿发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组30 d因心力衰竭再发心绞痛的住院率、不良反应发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 在STEMI患者急诊PCI治疗中应用比伐卢定具有较好的临床效果和安全性,比伐卢定可作为STEMI患者急诊PCI的常规抗凝治疗措施。
[关键词]比伐卢定;急性ST段抬高心肌梗死;急诊PCI
[中图分类号] R542.2+2 [文献标识码] A [文章編号] 1674-4721(2017)07(c)-0065-04
Efficacy and safety study of Bivalirudin therapy in STEMI patients undergoing emergency PCI
ZHANG Hui DENG Gen-qun▲ ZHENG Xiao-qun
Department of the Fourth Cardiology,Central Hospital of Dalian City in Liaoning Province,Dalian 116033,China
[Abstract]Objectve To observe the efficacy and safety of Bivalirudin therapy in STEMI patients undergoing emergency PCI.Methods 80 STEMI patients with emergency PCI from August 2014 to February 2015 in our hospital were randomly selected and randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,40 cases in each groups.The observation group was treated by Bivalirudin therapy during the period of PCI,and the control group was treated with unfractionated Heparin (UFH).TIMI flow grade and myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) were observed in the two groups post PCI.ST-segment of ECG,LVEF,left ventricular and diastolic diameter (LVEDD),the incidence of major adverse cardiac event (MACE),bleeding and the incidence of thrombocytopenia were compared between the two groups.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the TIMI flow grade or TMPG between the two groups (P>0.05).The ST-segment of ECG,the level of LVEF and LVEDD in 30 days after PCI in the observation group was better than that in the control group,with significant difference (P<0.05).The incidence of gingival bleeding and hematuria in the observation group was higher than that in the control group,with significant difference (P<0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups of 30 d in the hospitalization rate of recurrent angina pectoris because of heart failure and adverse reaction rate between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion In STEMI patients with emergency PCI,application of Bivalirudin is safe and effect.Bivalirudin can be used in emergency PCI in patients with STEMI conventional anticoagulant treatment measures.
[Key words]Bivalirudin;ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction;Emergency percutaneous coronary intervention
当今时代,可有效开通梗死相关动脉(infarction related artery,IRA)的急诊经皮冠脉介入治疗(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)可尽早充分恢复冠脉血流,显著降低死亡率。已经有大量临床研究证实其可减少心力衰竭发生,已成为目前急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者最有效的再灌注治疗措施,能够使患者长期预后得到有效改善[1]。
较之普通肝素(unfractionated heparin,UFH),直接凝血酶抑制剂比伐卢定的抗凝药代动力学优势更明显,理论上效果更佳[2-4]。研究显示,比伐卢定单药抗凝与UFH加血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/aⅢ受体拮抗剂联用比较,可减少出血事件,从而减少中晚期心血管事件率;其安全性有显著优势[5-6]。但是,在当今更快速及更强抗血小板药物应用实施PPCI背景下的HEAT-PPCI[7]研究中,和HORIZONS-AMI研究的结果并不一致,该研究显示单用UFH較之比伐卢定抗凝,比伐卢定的有效性、安全性终点均无显著优势。比伐卢定价格相对昂贵,国内作为PPCI术中抗凝剂应用经验较少,加之矛盾性的循证医学证据,因此本研究旨在对国产比伐卢定在急性STEMI患者PPCI治疗时应用的安全性、有效性进行评价,为比伐卢定的临床应用提供循证依据。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
随机连续选择我院2014年8月~2015年2月的80例STEMI患者,均行PPCI,其中男55例,女性25例,年龄35~81岁。随机按病例单双号将入选患者分为观察组和对照组,各40例。:观察组在PCI术中抗凝剂使用比伐卢定,对照组应用UFH抗凝。纳入标准:符合2014中国STEMI指南定义的患者;发病时间≤12 h。排除标准:①既往有PCI或CABG病史;②心源性休克;③急诊冠状动脉造影后无需支架植入者;④已知血液系统疾病或严重肝肾功能不全及凝血功能障碍。两组的年龄、性别、吸烟史、高血压、糖尿病、贫血(男性血红蛋白低于13 g/dl,或女性低于12 g/dl)及冠脉病变特征、植入支架个数等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准。
1.2研究方法
观察组在冠脉造影前静脉推注比伐卢定(泰加宁),先予0.75 mg/kg静注负荷量,继给予静脉泵入1.75 mg/(kg·h),最多至术后4 h[2]。对照组给予肝素100 U/kg IA。
1.3观察指标
PCI术后即刻TIMI血流分级及心肌TMPG分级、单导联ST段回落百分比分析、术后7 d及1个月左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVED);记录住院期间急性及亚急性支架内血栓形成、BARC定义[8]的出血事件;血小板减少者,随诊记录靶血管血运重建及卒中、因心绞痛及心衰再次住院、全因死亡数、再梗死的发生率。随访至术后30 d。
1.4统计学处理
采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件对数据进行分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组冠脉病变特征、再灌注指标的比较
两组的替罗非班使用率分别为15%与45%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组的其他资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.2两组ST段回落百分比的比较
观察组的单导联ST段完全回落百分比(80.0%)显著高于对照组(65.0%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组的部分回落与无回落百分比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表2)。
2.3两组术后心功能指标的比较
两组PCI术后7 d的LVED、LVEF水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组PCI术后1个月的LVED、LVEF水平显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表3)。
2.4两组有效性比较
两组住院期间各发生支架内血栓1例,均为急性支架内血栓,发生比率为2.5%。观察组发生在术后20 h,对照组发生在术后16 h,均于造影后再次高压球囊扩张后开通血管,前向血流恢复TIMI-3级。
2.5两组安全性指标的比较
对照组发生1例血小板减少,考虑为肝素诱导(heparin induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)。住院期间两组均无大的出血(定义为BARC3型及以上的出血),出血患者均表现为BARC2型出血,观察组的BARC2型出血发生率显著高于对照组(20.0% vs. 2.5%,P=0.04),多为与留置导尿相关的血尿、牙龈出血,牙龈出血在观察组多发生于联合使用GPI者。
2.6两组30 d随访事件发生率的比较
两组因心力衰竭再入院比率及因心绞痛再住院率比较,差异无统计学意义(10.0% vs. 17.5%、12.5% vs. 15.0%,P>0.05)。
3讨论
在当今时代,PPCI已在各级医院广泛开展,持续开通STEMI患者IRA前向血流及恢复心肌水平有效的再灌注是改善临床症状与预后的基础。作为PCI术中抗凝措施,UFH与比伐卢定循证证据尚存争议[9-16]。以往的HORIZONS-AMI研究显示,在PPCI过程中,比伐卢定单药抗凝与UFH联用GPI相比,可使严重出血发生率下降42%(P<0.0001)[5]。
本研究中,反映再灌注水平的指標TIMI-3级、TMPG2~3分级比率两组均无统计学差异(P>0.05),观察组的单导联心电图ST段完全回落率显著高于对照组(80.0% vs. 65.0%,P<0.05)。两组反映心功能的指标(LVED、LVEF)在PCI术后7 d比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但术后30天随访时,观察组的LVED、LVEF水平显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。反映微循环功能恢复水平的单导联ST段完全回落的百分率可预示心肌水平灌注良好,提示在TIMI-3级血流、TMPG-3级比率相似的情况下,单导联ST段完全回落率的优势可转化为30 d时心功能指标改善。两组急性支架内血栓各1例,均发生在PPCI术后4 h以后,考虑此时发生血栓的主要原因是抗血小板药物已充分生效,术中操作相关的支架膨胀不全、贴壁不良,经再次急诊高压球囊扩张,血流恢复TIMI-3级后顺利出院,到随访至30 d时,均再无支架内血栓发生。以往荟萃分析显示,PPCI术中应用比伐卢定抗凝较之于以UFH抗凝,术后支架内血栓的风险显著增加。在HEAT-PPCI研究中,比伐卢定的使用方案为0.75 mg/kg,继以1.75 mg/(kg·h)静脉泵入直至PCI结束,术后无维持量[7];而在EUROMAX研究中,术后分别选择低剂量0.25 mg/(kg·h)与高剂量1.75 mg/(kg·h)维持至4 h,应用高剂量比伐卢定维持静脉泵入至术后4 h组与UFH联合GPI组比较,急性支架内血栓发生率并无显著差异(P=0.588),低剂量组显著增加急性支架内血栓的风险,术后不用维持量或低剂量维持增加支架内血栓风险可能与术后太早停用比伐卢定时抗血小板药物尚未充分发挥作用有关。按2014ESC冠脉血运重建指南推荐,本研究中比伐卢定采用术后高剂量维持,未显示支架内血栓风险增加,与EUROMAX研究吻合,也被相关临床研究结果所证实[17-18]。
在安全性方面,两组均无BARC3型以上的大出血,均表现为BARC2型出血,观察组的BARC2型出血发生率显著高于对照组(20.0% vs. 2.5%,P=0.04),表现为牙龈出血及与留置导尿相关的血尿。国内的BRIGHT研究中,单用比伐卢定组BARC定义的出血发生率为4.1%,较之于单用UFH组(7.5%)、或UFH联合GPI组(12.3%)显著降低。本研究中采用比伐卢定高剂量1.75 mg/(kg·h)静脉持续泵入直至术后4 h,与UFH抗凝比较,结果不增加支架内急性血栓的发生率,但增加牙龈出血、与导尿有关的血尿等小出血发生率。
综上所述,国产比伐卢定作为PPCI术中抗凝剂同UFH一样安全有效,术后高剂量维持至4 h不增加支架内急性血栓比例,但可能增加BARC定义的小出血的发生率。
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(收稿日期:2017-04-17 本文編辑:祁海文)